Oracle基础维护01-常用管理命令总结

概览：

1.Oracle 内存管理

2.Oracle 数据库启动关闭

3.Oracle 参数文件

4.Oracle 控制文件

5.Oracle redo日志文件

6.Oracle undo表空间管理

7.Oracle 普通表空间和数据文件

8.Oracle 临时表空间

9.Oracle 锁管理

10.Oracle用户管理

11.Oracle等待事件

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1.Oracle 内存管理

1.1内存自动管理

11g：AMM   10g：ASMM

1.2修改sga大小

SQL> alter system set sga_target=1M;

System altered.

SQL> show parameter sga                          

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
lock_sga                             boolean     FALSE
pre_page_sga                         boolean     FALSE
sga_max_size                         big integer 748M
sga_target                           big integer 4M        --说明粒度最小为4M.

1.3修改pga大小

SQL> alter system set pga_aggregate_target = 1M;

System altered.

SQL> show parameter pga

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target                 big integer 1M

1.4查看当前数据库内存设定情况

SQL> show parameter memory

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
hi_shared_memory_address             integer     0
memory_max_target                    big integer 748M
memory_target                        big integer 748M
shared_memory_address                integer     0
SQL> show parameter sga

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
lock_sga                             boolean     FALSE
pre_page_sga                         boolean     FALSE
sga_max_size                         big integer 748M
sga_target                           big integer 4M
SQL> show parameter pga

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target                 big integer 1M

此时，sga和pga自动调整，sga_target最小为4M，pga_aggregate_target最小为1M；

如果，pga_aggregate_target = 0，sga_target = 0，则sga和pga也是自动调整，sga占用60%，pga占用40%。

2.Oracle 数据库启动关闭

2.1Oracle监听的启动

SQL>!lsnrctl start

2.2Oracle数据库正常启动

SQL>startup

2.3Oracle数据库正常关闭

SQL>shutdown immediate

3.Oracle 参数文件

3.1参数文件pfile和spfile互相切换

需要重启库才可以切换。

startup默认以spfile参数文件启动库；startup pfile='$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initjyzhao.ora'以pfile参数文件启动库。

3.2通过spfile创建pfile

SQL> create pfile from spfile;

File created.

SQL> !
[oracle@JY-DB ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@JY-DB dbs]$ ls -lh
total 11M
-rw-rw----. 1 oracle oinstall 1.6K Jun 17 21:57 hc_jyzhao.dat
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 2.8K May 15  2009 init.ora
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 1.1K Jun 17 22:00 initjyzhao.ora
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall   24 Apr  8 19:40 lkJYZHAO
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 1.5K Apr  8 21:17 orapwjyzhao
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall  11M Jun 17 20:40 snapcf_jyzhao.f
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 3.5K Jun 17 21:57 spfilejyzhao.ora
[oracle@JY-DB dbs]$
initjyzhao.ora 是刚创建的pfile参数文件。

3.3通过pfile创建spfile

SQL> startup pfile='$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initjyzhao.ora';
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  780824576 bytes
Fixed Size                  2232432 bytes
Variable Size             629149584 bytes
Database Buffers          142606336 bytes
Redo Buffers                6836224 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> create spfile from pfile;

File created.

4.Oracle 控制文件

4.1备份控制文件到trace

SQL> alter database backup controlfile to trace as '/tmp/control.ctl';

Database altered.

4.2重建控制文件

根据/tmp/control.ctl文件的内容提取重建控制文件的sql。

5.Oracle redo日志文件

5.1添加redo组

SQL> alter database add logfile group 5 ('/home/oradata/JYZHAO/onlinelog/redo05a.log','/home/oradata/JYZHAO/onlinelog/redo05b.log') size 50M;

Database altered.

5.2删除redo组

SQL> alter database drop logfile group 5;

Database altered.

5.3从redo组添加文件

SQL>  alter database add logfile member '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/onlinelog/redo05c.log' to group 5;

Database altered.

5.4从redo组删除文件

SQL> alter database drop logfile member '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/onlinelog/redo05c.log';

Database altered.

5.5修改redo文件大小

删除老日志组，新建日志组。

参见随笔：http://www.cnblogs.com/jyzhao/p/3781016.html

6.Oracle undo表空间管理

6.1新建undo表空间

SQL> create undo tablespace undo_jingyu datafile '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/datafile/undo_jingyu01.dbf' size 30G autoextend off;

Tablespace created.

6.2切换undo表空间

SQL> set linesize 150
SQL> show parameter undo

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_management                      string      AUTO
undo_retention                       integer     900
undo_tablespace                      string      UNDOTBS1
SQL> alter system set undo_tablespace=undo_jingyu;

System altered.

SQL> show parameter undo

NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_management                      string      AUTO
undo_retention                       integer     900
undo_tablespace                      string      UNDO_JINGYU

6.3ORACLE在线切换undo表空间其他注意事项：

参见转载文章：http://www.cnblogs.com/jyzhao/articles/3793643.html

6.4undo表空间的真实使用情况：

SELECT DISTINCT STATUS, SUM(BYTES)/1024/1024 "Size(MB)", COUNT(*)
FROM DBA_UNDO_EXTENTS GROUP BY STATUS;

7.Oracle 普通表空间和数据文件

7.1新建表空间

SQL> create tablespace dbs_d_jingyu datafile '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/datafile/dbs_d_jingyu01.dbf' size 20G autoextend off;

Tablespace created.

7.2表空间增加数据文件

SQL> alter tablespace dbs_d_jingyu add datafile '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/datafile/dbs_d_jingyu02.dbf' size 30G autoextend off;

Tablespace altered.

7.3表空间删除数据文件

SQL> alter tablespace dbs_d_jingyu drop datafile '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/datafile/dbs_d_jingyu02.dbf';

Tablespace altered.

7.4修改数据文件的大小

SQL> alter database  datafile '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/datafile/dbs_d_jingyu01.dbf' resize 30G;

Database altered.

7.5删除表空间及其包含的数据文件

SQL> drop tablespace dbs_d_jingyu including contents and datafiles;

Tablespace dropped.

Oracle 查询表空间使用率的SQL语句

8.Oracle 临时表空间

8.1新建临时表空间

SQL> create temporary tablespace temp_jingyu tempfile '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/datafile/temp_jingyu01.tmp' size 30G;

Tablespace created.

8.2临时表空间增加临时文件

SQL> alter tablespace temp_jingyu add tempfile '/home/oradata/JYZHAO/datafile/temp_jingyu02.tmp' size 30G;

Tablespace altered.

8.3切换数据库临时表空间为temp_jingyu

SQL> col property_value for a30
SQL> set linesize 180
SQL> select property_value, property_name from database_properties where property_name like '%TABLESPACE';

PROPERTY_VALUE                 PROPERTY_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------------
TEMP                           DEFAULT_TEMP_TABLESPACE
USERS                          DEFAULT_PERMANENT_TABLESPACE

SQL> alter database default temporary tablespace temp_jingyu;

Database altered.

SQL>  select property_value, property_name from database_properties where property_name like '%TABLESPACE';

PROPERTY_VALUE                 PROPERTY_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------------
TEMP_JINGYU                    DEFAULT_TEMP_TABLESPACE
USERS                          DEFAULT_PERMANENT_TABLESPACE

9.Oracle 锁管理

9.1确定锁进程的sid

select t2.username, t2.sid, t2.serial#, t2.logon_time
  from v$locked_object t1, v$session t2 where t1.session_id = t2.sid
 order by t2.logon_time;

9.2通过sid获得它的sql，看是哪一条sql导致锁的占用

SELECT sql_text
  FROM v$sql t1, v$session t2
 WHERE t1.address = t2.sql_address
   AND t2.sid = &sid;  --&sid 就是上一条sql中查到的sid

9.3如有記錄則表示有lock，記錄下SID和serial# ，执行下面的sql，即可解除锁

alter system kill session 'SID,serial#';

10.Oracle用户管理

10.1新建用户

SQL>  create user jingyu identified by jyzhao default tablespace dbs_d_jingyu;

User created.

10.2授权

SQL> conn /as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> grant connect, resource to jingyu;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant dba to jingyu;

Grant succeeded.

查看用户当前拥有的角色：

SQL> conn jingyu/jyzhao
Connected.
SQL> select * from user_role_privs;

USERNAME                       GRANTED_ROLE                   ADM DEF OS_
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --- --- ---
JINGYU                         CONNECT                        NO  YES NO
JINGYU                         DBA                            NO  YES NO
JINGYU                         RESOURCE                       NO  YES NO

10.3密码永不过期

SQL> alter profile default limit PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME unlimited; 

Profile altered.

10.4错误密码不锁定

SQL> alter profile default limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS unlimited;

Profile altered.

11.Oracle等待事件

select event, count(1) from v$session group by event order by 2 desc;

 select event, WAIT_CLASS, count(1) from v$session group by event, WAIT_CLASS order by 2,3 desc;

关于Oracle的等待事件可参见随笔：Oracle Tuning 基础概述01 - Oracle 常见等待事件