SQL基础知识总结（一）

1.union 和union all 操作符

1）union内部的select语句必须拥有相同的列，列也必须有相似的数字类型。同时，每条select语句中列的顺序相同。

union语法（结果集无重复）

select x from table1

union 

select y from table2

union all语法（结果集有重复）

select x from table1

union all

select y from table2

2.CTE(Common Table Expression)

公共表表达式，可以认为是在单个 SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 或 CREATE ⅥEW 语句的执行范围内定义的临时结果集

CTE可用于：

1).创建递归查询

2).在同一语句中多次生成的表

把test表中salary最大的id记录保存在test_CTE中，再调用

with test_CTE(id,salary)
　　as
　　（
　　　　select id,max(salary)
　　　　from test
　　　　group by id
　　 ）
　　select * from test_cte

查询ItemId=2及子节点，也就是管理费用和其下属所有节点的信息

Declare @i int
select @i=2;
with Co_ItemNameSet_CTE(ItemId,ParentItemId,ItemName,[Level])
AS
(
  select ItemId, ParentItemId,ItemName,1 AS [Level]
  from Co_ItemNameSet
  where  ItemId=@i
  union all
  select c.ItemId,c.ParentItemId,c.ItemName,[Level]+1
  from Co_ItemNameSet c inner join Co_ItemNameSet_CTE ct
  on c.ParentItemId=ct.ItemId
)
select * from Co_ItemNameSet_CTE

结果：

3.row_number() over()

--不用partition by
select name,Gender,FenShu, row_number()over(order by FenShu desc) as num  from dbo.PeopleInfo

--使用partition by
select name,Gender,FenShu, row_number()over(partition by Gender order by FenShu desc) as num  from dbo.PeopleInfo
;
--查找出不同性别中分数最高的学生
with temp
as
(
  select name,Gender,FenShu, row_number()over(partition by Gender order by FenShu desc) as num  from dbo.PeopleInfo

)
select * from temp where num=1

4.Join

从两个或更多表中获取结果，就要执行Join

Inner Join

select P.LastName,P.FirstName, O.OrderNo from dbo.Persons as P

inner join dbo.mOrder as O

on P.Id= O.Id_P

order by P.LastName

结果：
 

left Join

select c.customerid as 消费者,COUNT(O.[orderid]) as  订单数

from [SQLDemo].[dbo].[Customers] as C left join [SQLDemo].[dbo].

[Orders] as O 

on C.customerid=O.customerid  where  C.city='Madrid'

group by C.customerid  having COUNT(O.orderid)<3

order by 订单数

5.SQL通配符

/****** SQL 通配符 ******/
select * from Persons where City like '[ALN]%'