本文继Xtrabackup安装和参数详解，本次介绍全备和还原以及增量备份和还原

MySQL环境介绍

阿里云云主机

系统信息以及数据库版本，数据存放目录具体如下：

[root@node ~]# uname -r

4.18.16-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64

[root@node ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release

CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)

[root@node ~]# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -V

/opt/mysql/bin/mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.6.39, for linux-glibc2.12 (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper

[root@node ~]# ls /opt/mysql/data/

auto.cnf  ibdata1  ib_logfile0  ib_logfile1  mysql  performance_schema  test

[root@node ~]# ls -ld /opt/mysql/my.cnf

-rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1468 Dec  6 21:37 /opt/mysql/my.cnf

全备和还原

准备备份目录

[root@node ~]# cd /opt/

[root@node opt]# ls

mysql  mysql-5.6  src

[root@node opt]# mkdir backup/{full,incr} -p

[root@node opt]# ls backup/

full  incr

full： 文件中存放全量备份
incr： 文件中存放增量备份

创建测试数据

创建一个测试数据库，库名为：xtra_test

在xtra_test库中，创建一个friends表，字段只有id和name，并插入一条数据

具体操作如下：

[root@node opt]# mysql -uroot -p234567

Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 19

Server version: 5.6.39 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> create database xtra_test;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show databases;

+--------------------+

| Database           |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql              |

| performance_schema |

| xtra_test          |

+--------------------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use xtra_test;

Database changed

mysql> create table friends (

    -> id int(3) not null,

    -> name varchar(8) not null

    -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show tables;

+---------------------+

| Tables_in_xtra_test |

+---------------------+

| friends             |

+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc friends;

+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id    | int(3)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| name  | varchar(8) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO friends( id, name ) VALUES ( 1, 'jack' ) ;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from friends;

+----+------+

| id | name |

+----+------+

|  1 | jack |

+----+------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

全量备份

这里的具体参数含义请查看：Xtrabackup安装和参数详解

[root@node opt]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/opt/mysql/my.cnf --user=root --password=234567 /opt/backup/full/

......

181211 11:18:44 [01]        ...done

181211 11:18:44 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files

181211 11:18:44 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...

xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1645416'

xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.

.181211 11:18:44 >> log scanned up to (1645416)

181211 11:18:44 Executing UNLOCK TABLES

181211 11:18:44 All tables unlocked

181211 11:18:44 Backup created in directory '/opt/backup/full/2018-12-11_11-18-42/'

181211 11:18:44 [00] Writing /opt/backup/full/2018-12-11_11-18-42/backup-my.cnf

181211 11:18:44 [00]        ...done

181211 11:18:44 [00] Writing /opt/backup/full/2018-12-11_11-18-42/xtrabackup_info

181211 11:18:44 [00]        ...done

xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1645416) to (1645416) was copied.

181211 11:18:44 completed OK!

最后提示 OK 了，查看备份目录中

[root@node opt]# ls /opt/backup/full/

2018-12-11_11-18-42

[root@node opt]# ls /opt/backup/full/2018-12-11_11-18-42/

backup-my.cnf  ibdata1  mysql  performance_schema  xtrabackup_binlog_info  xtrabackup_checkpoints  xtrabackup_info  xtrabackup_logfile  xtra_test

备份完后，备份目录下有几个文件需要注意：

xtrabackup_binlog_info

记录了binlog的position，若开启了GTID，也会将GTID取出。在用于备份+binlog恢复或建立slave的场景里十分有用

注意如果MySQL没有开启log-bin参数，则不会生产次文件

backup-my.cnf

记录了备份时可能涉及到的选项参数，比如系统表空间信息，独立undo表空间信息，redo-log信息等

xtrabackup_checkpoints

记录了此次备份的类型和lsn号的起始值，是否压缩等

xtrabackup_info

记录了备份工具的信息，时间，备份对象（是针对全实例还是某库表），是否是增量，binlog位置等

模拟删除数据

直接删除xtra_test数据库；

此操作为模拟，请勿真是在线上操作

[root@node opt]# mysql -uroot -p234567

Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 4

Server version: 5.6.39-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> drop database xtra_test;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show databases;

+--------------------+

| Database           |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql              |

| performance_schema |

+--------------------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

还原数据操作

还原步骤：

先把xtrabackup备份下来的目录进行再次备份，防止在还原的时候误操作，导致备份不可用；
关闭要回复的数据库实例；
移除需要恢复数据的MySQL实例下的data目录，建议mv移动到别的目录下；
使用--apply-log 参数进行恢复前准备操作，如事物回滚等操作；
使用--copy-back 和 --rsync 参数进行恢复；
授权MySQL实例下的data目录后，启动数据库
验证恢复数据

第一步备份备份文件

[root@node ~]# cd /opt/backup/full/

[root@node full]# ls

2018-12-11_14-04-15

[root@node full]# cp -a 2018-12-11_14-04-15 2018-12-11_14-04-15_back

[root@node full]# ll

total 8

drwxr-x--- 5 root root 4096 Dec 11 14:04 2018-12-11_14-04-15

drwxr-x--- 5 root root 4096 Dec 11 14:04 2018-12-11_14-04-15_back

第二步关闭数据库

[root@node full]# /etc/init.d/mysqld  stop

Shutting down MySQL..

[root@node full]# ps aux|grep mysql

root     19368  0.0  0.1 112720  2232 pts/1    S+   15:01   0:00 grep --color=auto mysql

[root@node full]# netstat -lntup | grep 3306

第三步移除数据库的data目录

[root@node full]# mv /opt/mysql/data /tmp/

[root@node full]# ls -ld /opt/mysql/data

ls: cannot access /opt/mysql/data: No such file or directory

[root@node full]# ls /tmp/data/

auto.cnf  ibdata1  ib_logfile0  ib_logfile1  mysql  mysql-bin.000001  mysql-bin.index  performance_schema

第四步恢复前准备

[root@node full]# innobackupex --defaults=/opt/mysql/my.cnf --apply-log /opt/backup/full/2018-12-11_14-04-15/

.......

InnoDB: Renaming log file ./ib_logfile101 to ./ib_logfile0

InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=1654036

InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.

InnoDB: Log scan progressed past the checkpoint lsn 1654284

InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 1654293 (0%)

InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!

InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.

InnoDB: xtrabackup: Last MySQL binlog file position 635, file name mysql-bin.000001

InnoDB: Removed temporary tablespace data file: "ibtmp1"

InnoDB: Creating shared tablespace for temporary tables

InnoDB: Setting file './ibtmp1' size to 12 MB. Physically writing the file full; Please wait ...

InnoDB: File './ibtmp1' size is now 12 MB.

InnoDB: 96 redo rollback segment(s) found. 1 redo rollback segment(s) are active.

InnoDB: 32 non-redo rollback segment(s) are active.

InnoDB: Waiting for purge to start

InnoDB: 5.7.19 started; log sequence number 1654293

xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1

InnoDB: FTS optimize thread exiting.

InnoDB: Starting shutdown...

InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 1654312

181211 14:42:07 completed OK!

[root@node full]# ls 2018-12-11_14-04-15/ -l

total 294956

-rw-r----- 1 root root       481 Dec 11 14:04 backup-my.cnf

-rw-r----- 1 root root  12582912 Dec 11 14:42 ibdata1

-rw-r----- 1 root root 134217728 Dec 11 14:42 ib_logfile0

-rw-r----- 1 root root 134217728 Dec 11 14:42 ib_logfile1

-rw-r----- 1 root root  12582912 Dec 11 14:42 ibtmp1

drwxr-x--- 2 root root      4096 Dec 11 14:04 mysql

drwxr-x--- 2 root root      4096 Dec 11 14:04 performance_schema

-rw-r----- 1 root root        21 Dec 11 14:04 xtrabackup_binlog_info

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root        21 Dec 11 14:42 xtrabackup_binlog_pos_innodb

-rw-r----- 1 root root       113 Dec 11 14:42 xtrabackup_checkpoints

-rw-r----- 1 root root       509 Dec 11 14:04 xtrabackup_info

-rw-r----- 1 root root   8388608 Dec 11 14:42 xtrabackup_logfile

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root         1 Dec 11 14:42 xtrabackup_master_key_id

drwxr-x--- 2 root root      4096 Dec 11 14:04 xtra_test

注意文件时间的变化，说明准备全备文件的操作只是对备份集本身做了相关处理，所以在准备恢复前最好对备份集再次备份

第五步恢复数据

[root@node full]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/opt/mysql-5.6/my.cnf --copy-back /opt/backup/full/2018-12-11_14-04-15/

......

181211 15:02:41 [01]        ...done

181211 15:02:41 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name.frm to /opt/mysql/data/performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name.frm

181211 15:02:41 [01]        ...done

181211 15:02:41 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/mutex_instances.frm to /opt/mysql/data/performance_schema/mutex_instances.frm

181211 15:02:41 [01]        ...done

181211 15:02:41 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name.frm to /opt/mysql/data/performance_schema/events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name.frm

181211 15:02:41 [01]        ...done

181211 15:02:41 [01] Copying ./xtrabackup_info to /opt/mysql/data/xtrabackup_info

181211 15:02:41 [01]        ...done

181211 15:02:41 [01] Copying ./xtrabackup_master_key_id to /opt/mysql/data/xtrabackup_master_key_id

181211 15:02:41 [01]        ...done

181211 15:02:41 completed OK!

[root@node full]# ls /opt/mysql/data/ -l

total 286748

-rw-r----- 1 root root  12582912 Dec 11 15:02 ibdata1

-rw-r----- 1 root root 134217728 Dec 11 15:02 ib_logfile0

-rw-r----- 1 root root 134217728 Dec 11 15:02 ib_logfile1

-rw-r----- 1 root root  12582912 Dec 11 15:02 ibtmp1

drwxr-x--- 2 root root      4096 Dec 11 15:02 mysql

drwxr-x--- 2 root root      4096 Dec 11 15:02 performance_schema

-rw-r----- 1 root root        21 Dec 11 15:02 xtrabackup_binlog_pos_innodb

-rw-r----- 1 root root       509 Dec 11 15:02 xtrabackup_info

-rw-r----- 1 root root         1 Dec 11 15:02 xtrabackup_master_key_id

drwxr-x--- 2 root root      4096 Dec 11 15:02 xtra_test

第六步授权data目录启动MySQL

[root@node full]# ls -l /opt/mysql/data/

total 286748

-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql  12582912 Dec 11 15:02 ibdata1

-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 134217728 Dec 11 15:02 ib_logfile0

-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 134217728 Dec 11 15:02 ib_logfile1

-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql  12582912 Dec 11 15:02 ibtmp1

drwxr-x--- 2 mysql mysql      4096 Dec 11 15:02 mysql

drwxr-x--- 2 mysql mysql      4096 Dec 11 15:02 performance_schema

-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql        21 Dec 11 15:02 xtrabackup_binlog_pos_innodb

-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql       509 Dec 11 15:02 xtrabackup_info

-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql         1 Dec 11 15:02 xtrabackup_master_key_id

drwxr-x--- 2 mysql mysql      4096 Dec 11 15:02 xtra_test

[root@node full]# /etc/init.d/mysqld  start

Starting MySQL..                                           [  OK  ]

[root@node full]# ps aux|grep mysql

root     19450  0.0  0.1 113324  3196 pts/1    S    15:04   0:00 /bin/sh /opt/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/opt/mysql/data --pid-file=/opt/mysql/mysqld.pid

mysql    20257  2.2 44.1 2299484 901804 pts/1  Sl   15:04   0:00 /opt/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/opt/mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data --plugin-dir=/opt/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/opt/mysql/error.log --open-files-limit=4161 --pid-file=/opt/mysql/mysqld.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306

root     20288  0.0  0.1 112720  2244 pts/1    S+   15:04   0:00 grep --color=auto mysql

[root@node full]# netstat -lntup | grep 3306

tcp6       0      0 :::3306                 :::*                    LISTEN      20257/mysqld

第七步验证数据恢复操作

[root@node full]# mysql -uroot -p234567

Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 1

Server version: 5.6.39-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show databases;

+--------------------+

| Database           |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql              |

| performance_schema |

| xtra_test          |

+--------------------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use xtra_test;

Reading table information for completion of table and column names

You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed

mysql> show tables;

+---------------------+

| Tables_in_xtra_test |

+---------------------+

| friends             |

+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from friends;

+----+------+

| id | name |

+----+------+

|  1 | jack |

+----+------+

1 row in set (0.01 sec

至此，全量备份和还原完成；

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Xtrabackup 全备和还原以及增量备份和还原

MySQL环境介绍

全备和还原

准备备份目录

创建测试数据

全量备份

模拟删除数据

还原数据操作

第一步 备份备份文件

第二步 关闭数据库

第三步 移除数据库的data目录

第四步 恢复前准备

第五步 恢复数据

第六步 授权data目录启动MySQL

第七步 验证数据恢复操作