Recap: Interaction Design

  • Interaction Design

    • Designing interactive products to support people in their everyday and working lives.
  • Goals of ID
    • Allows users to carry out tasks safely, effectively, efficiently, and enjoyably.

Recap: Why is HCI important?

  • Computers (in one way or another) now affect every person in society
  • Product success may depend on ease of use, not necessarily power

Why study human use of computers?

  • HCI is worth studying because it aligns both human interests and economic interests.
  • The HCI discipline includes the study of:
    • the use and context of computers
    • human characterstics
    • computer system and interface architecture
    • the development process

History of HCI

key people, events and ideas

Main theme

  • human->computer
  • computer->human

    由人适应计算机发展为计算机适应人,未来可能向人机融合发展,而非谁适应谁

Five stages

  • Manual work

    狭义的手工作业阶段,如算盘

  • Command line

    第一次人机交互革命 ↓

  • GUI
  • Network UI
  • Multi-modal UI

    第二次人机交互革命

    • Natural use interface, NUI
    • 通过多模态(各种感官通道)形成与计算机自然的交互
    • 对NUI概念要慎重,尚未讨论清楚
    • Intelligent use interface, IUI

Input/Output devices

The lesson
  • Keyboards & terminals are just artifacts of today's technologies

    artifact: 人造物->我们或许也可以某种程度上改变世界

  • New input/output devices will change the way we interact with computers

Basic Interactions

  • Direct Manipulation of graphical objects

    direct Manipulation 有学术定义

  • The Mouse
  • Windows

    工作空间

Vannevar Bush (1890-1974)

  • "As we may think" article in Atlantic Monthly

    建议阅读 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/

  • Identified the information storage and retrieval problem: new knowledge does not reach the people who could benefit from it.

    "publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record"

  • Bush's Memex
    • Conceiving Hypertext and the World Wide Web

      • a device where individuals stores all personal books, records, communication.etc
      • items retrieved rapidly through indexing, keywords, cross references,...
      • can annotate text with margin notes comments...
      • can construct and save a trail (chain of links) through the material
      • acts as an external memory
    • Bush's Memex based on microfilm recorder
      • but not implemented
  • 布什认为世界是模糊的,应当以模糊的方式来处理,所以他不支持数字计算机
  • ↑ 涉及到世界认知的本源问题——如果世界的本源是离散的,那么离散建模没有问题;如果世界的本源并非离散,那么有可能现在阶段的建模是完全错误的

J.C.R. licklider (1915-1990)

  • "Computing's Johnny Appleseed"
  • His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate to wherever it was needed.
  • Outlined "man-computer symbiosis"
  • Immediate goals
    • time sharing of computers among many users

      分时技术

    • electronic i/o for the display and communication of symbolic and pictorial information
    • interactive real time system for information processing and programming
    • large scale information storage and retrieval

      目前其实仍未做到

    • facilitation of human cooperation in the design & programming of large systems
    • combined speech recognition, hand-printed character recognition & light-pen editing
  • Long tem visions
    • natural language understanding (syntax, semantics, pragmatics)

      • syntax 语法:The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence
      • semantics 语义:The study or science of meaning in language forms
      • pragmatics 语用:The study of language as it is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors(对话者) and their behavior
    • speech recognition of arbitrary computer users
    • heuristic programming

Ivan Sutherland's SketchPad

发明了用光笔在屏幕上可以作CAD图形,成为计算机图形学&计算机辅助设计的奠基人

  • Sophisticated drawing package
  • Introduced many ideas/concepts now found in today's interface
    • hierarchical structures defined pictures and sub-pictures
    • object-oriented programming: master pictures with instances
    • constraints: specify details which the system maintains through changes
    • icons: small pictures that represented more complex items
    • copying: both pictures and constraints
    • input techniques: efficient use of light pen
    • world coordinates: separation of screen from drawing coordinates
    • recursive operations: applied to children of hierarchical objects
  • Parallel developments in hardware
    • "low-cost" graphics terminals
    • input devices such as data tablets
    • display processors capable of real-time manipulation of images
    • HMD
    • ACM Turning Award

Douglas Engelbart

  • The problem (early '50s)

    • "... The world is getting more complex, and problems are getting more urgent. These must be dealt with collectively. However, human abilities to deal collectively with complex/urgent problems are not increasing as fast as these problems"
    • "If you could do something to improve human capability to deal with these problems, then you'd really contribute something basic."
    • 探讨知识爆炸问题->中国较美国的知识爆炸期晚了约40年
  • A Conceptual Framework for Augmenting Human Intellect (SRI Report, 1962)

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