python模块之 - subprocess执行unix/linux命令

subprocess模块提供了一种一致的方法来创建和处理附加进程,与标准库中的其它模块相比，提供了一个更高级的接口,subprocess模块用来生成子进程，并可以通过管道连接它们的
输入/输出/错误，以及获得它们的返回值.它用来代替多个旧模块和函数:
os.system
os.spawn*
os.popen*
popen2.*
commands.*

1.subprocess.call( commands ) 方法 :

subprocess的call方法可以用于执行一个外部命令，但该方法不能返回执行的结果，只能返回执行的状态码:成功（0)或错误(非0)
call()方法中的commands可以是一个列表，也可以是一个字符串，作为字符串时需要用原生的shell=True来执行：

示例：

>>> import subprocess
>>> subprocess.call(["ls","-lh"])
total 8.0K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22  2013 socket_2.py
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22  2013 socket_client.py
0
>>> subprocess.call("ls -lh",shell=True)
total 8.0K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22  2013 socket_2.py
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22  2013 socket_client.py
0
>>>
如上实例所示，虽然我们能看到执行的结果和返回的一个状态码0，但保存为变量后实际获取的值只是状态码

>>> cmd_result = subprocess.call("ls -lh",shell=True)
total 8.0K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22  2013 socket_2.py
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22  2013 socket_client.py
>>> print(cmd_result)
0
>>>

2.subprocess.check_call() 方法:

我们说过call执行返回一个状态码,我们可以通过check_call()函数来检测命令的执行结果，如果不成功将返回 subprocess.CalledProcessError 异常
#如果命令执行正确则返回结果，和subprocess.call效果一样.

示例：

>>> try:
...   subprocess.check_call("ls -lh",shell=True)
... except subprocess.CalledProcessError as err:
...   print("Commands error")
...
total 8.0K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22  2013 socket_2.py
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22  2013 socket_client.py
0
>>>
#如果命令执行错误，则抛出异常.
>>> try:
...   subprocess.check_call("ls -jj",shell=True)
... except subprocess.CalledProcessError as err:
...   print("Commands error")
...
ls: invalid option -- 'j'
Try `ls --help' for more information.
Commands error
>>>

subprocess.call 和subprocess.check_call的区别:

subprocess.call:执行命令，返回结果
check_all :执行命令，如果执行状态码是0，则返回0，否则抛出异常.

subprocess.call如果命令执行错误不会抛出异常(经测试在linux系统上执行错误命令也会有异常错误，在pycharm上面则不抛出异常)，而subprocess.check_call如果命令执行错误则抛出异常，如果命令执行正确则两者效果一样.

3.subprocess.Popen()方法：

函数call(), check_call() 和 check_output() 都是Popen类的包装器。直接使用Popen会对如何运行命令以及如何处理其输入输出有更多控制。如通过为stdin, stdout和stderr传递不同的参数。

1.与进程的单向通信

通过Popen()方法调用命令后执行的结果,可以设置stdout值为PIPE，再调用communicate()获取结果 返回结果为tuple. 在python3中结果为byte类型，要得到str类型需要decode转换一下输出结果(读）

# 直接执行命令输出到屏幕

>>> subprocess.Popen("ls -lh",shell=True)
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f8ad576c450>
>>> total 8.0K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22  2013 socket_2.py
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22  2013 socket_client.py

>>> 

# 不输出到屏幕,输出到变量
#读取字符串
>>> cmd_result=subprocess.Popen(["echo","welcome to china"],stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> print(cmd_result)
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f8ad576c9d0>
>>> stdout_var=cmd_result.communicate()
>>> stdout_var
('welcome to china\n', None)
>>> print((stdout_var[0]).decode('utf-8'))
welcome to china

>>> 

#读取命令输出结果
>>> cmd_result=subprocess.Popen(["ls","-lh"],stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> print(cmd_result)
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f8ad576c990>
>>> stdout_var=cmd_result.communicate()
>>> print((stdout_var[0]).decode("utf-8"))
total 8.0K
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22  2013 socket_2.py
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22  2013 socket_client.py

>>> 

#将结果输出到文件

>>> file_handle = open("/tmp/t.logs","w+")
>>> subprocess.Popen("ls -lh",shell=True,stdout=file_handle)
<subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f8ad576c990>
>>> 

#在指定路径创建目录

>>> import subprocess
>>> obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3",shell=True,cwd="/tmp",)
>>> obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t4",shell=True,cwd="/tmp")
>>>

2 与进程的双向通信:　　

>>> cmd_result=subprocess.Popen("cat",shell=True,stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> msg="Hello World".encode("utf-8")
# 写入到输入管道
>>> cmd_result.stdin.write(msg)
>>> stdout_var=cmd_result.communicate()
>>> stdout_var
('Hello World', None)
>>> (stdout_var[0]).decode("utf-8")
u'Hello World'
>>> (stdout_var[0]).decode()
u'Hello World'
>>>
>>> stdout_var[0]
'Hello World'
>>> 

#打开一个python终端，执行python print命令.
>>> cmd_result=subprocess.Popen(["python"],stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> cmd_result.stdin.write('print("Good luck!")'.encode("utf-8"))
>>> stdin_var,err_var=cmd_result.communicate()
>>> print(err_var)

>>> print(stdin_var)
Good luck!
>>> stdin_var
'Good luck!\n'
>>>

Popen其它方法:

poll()	检查是否结束，设置返回值
wait()	等待结束，设置返回值
communicate()	参数是标准输入，返回标准输出和标准出错
send_signal()	发送信号 (主要在unix下有用)
terminate()	终止进程，unix对应的SIGTERM信号，windows下调用api函数TerminateProcess()
kill()	杀死进程(unix对应SIGKILL信号)，windows下同上
stdin stdout stderr	参数中指定PIPE时，有用
pid	进程id
returncode	进程返回值

脚本实例：

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-

import os
import sys
import subprocess
import time
import signal

TOMCAT_HOME="/usr/local/tomcat-fraud/"
TOMCAT_PORT=
remote_ip="123.56.219.121"
remote_port="'-e ssh -p 6168'"

try:
    backup_dir='/data/backup/' + sys.argv[] + os.sep + time.strftime('%Y%m%d')
except IndexError:
    print("example : python fraud-dev.sh < projectname >")

if len(sys.argv) < :
    print("you must use like this : python fraud-dev.sh <projectname>")
    sys.exit()
if not os.path.isdir(backup_dir):
   os.makedirs(backup_dir)
   print("Sucessfully created directory",backup_dir)
else:
    print("directory alreaty exist")

#备份的模块(将项目的war包从jenkins目录取下来放到本地目录.)
def backup():
    print("download fraud.war...")
    #Jenkins服务器存放war包的目录
    packge_dir="/root/.jenkins/workspace/fraud-dev/fraud-web/target/"
    remote_ssh = remote_ip + ":" + packge_dir + sys.argv[] + ".war"
    print(remote_ssh)
    #remote_ssh = remote_ip + ":" + packge_dir
    rsyn="/usr/bin/sudo rsync -avH --progress %s %s %s" %(remote_port,remote_ssh,backup_dir)

    if subprocess.call(rsyn,shell=True) == :
        print("download fraud.war sucess...")
    else:
        print("同步代码失败，check...")
#代码更新函数:
def rsync_java():
    target_dir=TOMCAT_HOME + "webapps/"
    #os.chdir(target_dir)
    subprocess.Popen("rm -rf *", shell=True, cwd=target_dir)
    time.sleep()
    print("开始更新代码中...")
    rsync_ssh="/usr/bin/sudo rsync -avH --progress %s %s" %(backup_dir,target_dir)
    if subprocess.call(rsync_ssh,shell=True) == :
        print("代码更新完成...")
    else:
        print("代码更新失败...")

#启停Java服务.
def kill_pid(pid):
    try:
        a = os.kill(pid, signal.SIGKILL)
        print("已杀死pid为%s的进程,返回值是:%s" % (pid, a))
    except OSError:
        print("没有这个进程号")

def start_java():
    java_service= TOMCAT_HOME + "bin/startup.sh"
    os.system(java_service)
    time.sleep()
    print("tomcat 启动完成...")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    backup()
    li = []
    #cmd="/usr/sbin/lsof -i:80 |egrep -v PID | awk {'print $2'} |sort -nr|uniq"
    cmd="/usr/sbin/lsof -i:%s | grep java |awk {'print $2'}" %(TOMCAT_PORT)
    pid = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
    # print(pid.stdout.readlines())
    for m in pid.stdout.readlines():
        li.append(int(m))
    for i in li:
        kill_pid(i)
    time.sleep()
    print("开始上传代码中...")
    rsync_java()
    start_java()

java备份和上传代码

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-

import os
import time
import subprocess

packge_dir = "/root/.jenkins/workspace/shop-H5/"
remote_ip = "59.110.164.99"
remote_port = "'-e ssh -p 6168'"
backup_dir = '/data/backup/' + time.strftime('%Y%m%d')
source_dir = "shop-H5"

def backup_php():

    tgz = backup_dir + os.sep + "shop-H5_" + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H') + '.tgz'
    backup_tgz = "tar -zcvf %s %s" % (tgz,source_dir)

    #print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M'))
    #print(backup_dir)
    if not os.path.exists(backup_dir):
        os.mkdir(backup_dir)
        print("Sucessfully created directory",backup_dir)

    print("开始备份代码中...")
    os.chdir('/opt')
    if subprocess.call(backup_tgz,shell=True) == :
        print("Successful backup to ", tgz)
    else:
        print("Backup FAILED!!")

    time.sleep()

def rsync_php():

    print("开始代码同步中...")
    remote_ssh = remote_ip + ":" + packge_dir
    rsyn = "/usr/bin/sudo rsync -avH --progress %s %s %s" %(remote_port,remote_ssh,source_dir)

    if subprocess.call(rsyn,shell=True) == :
        print("同步代码成功...")
    else:
        print("同步代码失败，check...")
    #递归改变目录的权限
    #os.chown(source_dir,,)
    mattr="chown -R phpci:phpci %s" %(source_dir)
    #subprocess.call(mattr,shell=True)
    subprocess.call(mattr,shell=True)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    backup_php()
    rsync_php()

PHP代码备份及上传

PHP代码备份及上传

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-

import os
import time
import subprocess

packge_dir = "/root/.jenkins/workspace/pre-php-p/"
remote_ip = "59.110.164.99"
remote_port = "'-e ssh -p 6168'"
backup_dir= '/data/backup/' + time.strftime('%Y%m%d')
source_dir="shop-H5"
source_URL="/data/web/xd"

def backup_php():
  tagz = backup_dir + os.sep + source_dir + "_" + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H') + '.tgz'
  print "tagz=",tagz
  backup_tgz = "tar -zcvf %s %s" %(tagz,source_dir)

  if not os.path.exists(backup_dir):
    os.mkdir(backup_dir)
    print("Sucessfully created directory",backup_dir)

  print("开始备份代码中...")
  os.chdir(source_URL)
  #os.system(backup_tgz)
  #subprocess.call(backup_tgz,shell=True)

  if subprocess.call(backup_tgz,shell=True) == :
    print  "Successful backup to ", tagz
  else:
    print "Backup FAILED!!"

  time.sleep()
def rsync_php():

  print("开始代码同步中...")

  remote_ssh = remote_ip + ":" + packge_dir

  time.sleep()

  rsyn="/usr/bin/sudo rsync -avH --progress --exclude=.git %s %s %s" %(remote_port,remote_ssh,source_dir)
  #print rsyn

  if subprocess.call(rsyn,shell=True) == :
    print("同步代码成功...")

  else:
    print("同步代码失败，check...")

  #os.chown(source_dir,,)
  mattr="chown -R phpci:phpci %s" %(source_dir)
  subprocess.call(mattr,shell=True)

if __name__ == "__main__":
  backup_php()
  rsync_php()

PHP代码备份及目录过滤