Linux-目录与文件

1. pwd - 打印当前工作目录

[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# pwd
/root

2. cd - Change the shell working directory.

[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# cd /usr/local

[root@VM_0_171_centos local]# cd .

[root@VM_0_171_centos local]# cd ..

[root@VM_0_171_centos usr]# cd -

/usr/local

[root@VM_0_171_centos local]# cd

[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]#

3. ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS

ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

OPTIONS

-a, --all    do not ignore entries starting with .

-A, --almost-all    do not list implied . and ..

-d, --directory    list directories themselves, not their contents

-G, --no-group   in a long listing, don't print group names

-h, --human-readable     

with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

-i, --inode    print the index number of each file

--sort=WORD

sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t), version (-v),extension (-X)

-l    use a long listing format

-m    fill width with a comma separated list of entries

-r, --reverse    reverse order while sorting

EXAMPLES

[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# ls -l /etc/yum.repos.d/
总用量 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1410 3月  16 20:18 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  220 3月  16 20:18 CentOS-Epel.repo
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# ls -la /etc/yum.repos.d/
总用量 16
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096 3月  16 20:18 .
drwxr-xr-x. 90 root root 4096 4月   4 23:32 ..
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 1410 3月  16 20:18 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r--   1 root root  220 3月  16 20:18 CentOS-Epel.repo
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# ls -lr /etc/yum.repos.d/
总用量 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  220 3月  16 20:18 CentOS-Epel.repo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1410 3月  16 20:18 CentOS-Base.repo
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# ls -i /etc/yum.repos.d/
458776 CentOS-Base.repo  458777 CentOS-Epel.repo
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]#

4. stat - display file or file system status

5. touch - change file timestamps

SYNOPSIS

touch [OPTION]... FILE...

特殊用法：不加选项时，则创建文件

OPTIONS

-a    change only the access time 

-c, --no-create    do not create any files（指定的文件路径不存在时不予创建）

-d, --date=STRING    parse STRING and use it instead of current time（如果加了时间字符串则不使用当前时间）

-h, --no-dereference    只作用于软链接而非链接文件

-m    change only the modification time

-r, --reference=FILE    use this file's times instead of current time

-t STAMP    use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time（如果加了时间戳则不使用当前时间）

EXAMPLES

6. mkdir - make directories

SYNOPSIS

mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

OPTIONS

-m, --mode=MODE    set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask

-p, --parents     no error if existing, make parent directories as needed

-v, --verbose    print a message for each created directory

-Z    set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type

EXAMPLES

7. mv - move (rename) files

移动文件或者重命名文件（在同一目录下移动即重命名）

• 1.mv 文件 文件|目录

• 2.mv 多个文件 目录（移动到目标目录下）

• 3.mv 目录 目录（移动到目标目录下）

SYNOPSIS

mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST

mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...

OPTIONS

-f, --force    do not prompt before overwriting

-i, --interactive    prompt before overwrite

-n, --no-clobber    do not overwrite an existing file

If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect.

--strip-trailing-slashes  remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX    override the usual backup suffix

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY  move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY

-T, --no-target-directory    treat DEST as a normal file

-v, --verbose  explain what is being done

-Z, --context  set SELinux security context of destination file to default type

EXAMPLES

当前目录下有2个字目录mydir1，mydir2，mydir1中有a,b,c三个文件，mydir2中有d,e,f三个文件：

1.将mydir1/a移动至mydir2，文件名改为aa

2.将mydir2/aa移动至mydir1

3.将mydir1下的所有文件移动至mydir2

4.将mydir2及其下的所有文件移动至mydir1

[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# tree
.
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── mydir1
│   ├── a
│   ├── b
│   └── c
└── mydir2
├── d
├── e
└── f
2 directories, 7 files
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# mv mydir1/a mydir2/aa
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# tree
.
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── mydir1
│   ├── b
│   └── c
└── mydir2
├── aa
├── d
├── e
└── f
2 directories, 7 files
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# mv mydir2/aa mydir1
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# tree
.
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── mydir1
│   ├── aa
│   ├── b
│   └── c
└── mydir2
├── d
├── e
└── f
2 directories, 7 files
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# mv mydir1/* mydir2
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# tree
.
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── mydir1
└── mydir2
├── aa
├── b
├── c
├── d
├── e
└── f
2 directories, 7 files
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# mv mydir2 mydir1
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# tree
.
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
└── mydir1
└── mydir2
├── aa
├── b
├── c
├── d
├── e
└── f
2 directories, 7 files
[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]#

8. cp - copy files and directories

SYNOPSIS

cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST

cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...

OPTIONS

-a, --archive    same as -dR --preserve=all

--copy-contents    copy contents of special files when recursive

-d    same as --no-dereference --preserve=links

-f, --force    if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (this option is ignored when the -n option is also used)

-i, --interactive    prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option)

-H    follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE

-l, --link    hard link files instead of copying

-L, --dereference    always follow symbolic links in SOURCE

-n, --no-clobber    do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option)

-P, --no-dereference    never follow symbolic links in SOURCE

-p    same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps

-c    deprecated, same as --preserve=context

--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST    don't preserve the specified attributes

--parents    use full source file name under DIRECTORY

-R, -r, --recursive    copy directories recursively

--sparse=WHEN     control creation of sparse files. See below

--strip-trailing-slashes    

remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument

-s, --symbolic-link    make symbolic links instead of copying

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX    override the usual backup suffix

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY  

copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY

-T, --no-target-directory     treat DEST as a normal file

-u, --update

copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing

-v, --verbose    explain what is being done

-x, --one-file-system    stay on this file system

-Z    set SELinux security context of destination file to default type

EXAMPLES

用法与mv类似

9. rm - remove files or directories

删除文件或目录

SYNOPSIS

rm [OPTION]... FILE...

OPTIONS

-f, --force    ignore nonexistent files and arguments, never prompt

-i    prompt before every removal

-I    prompt once before removing more than three files, or  when  removing  recursively;  less  intrusive  than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes

-r, -R, --recursive     remove directories and their contents recursively（递归）

EXAMPLES

rm -rf 文件或目录（习惯用法）

10. file - determine file type

识别文件类型，辨别文件编码格式。

它通过查看文件的头部信息获取文件类型，而不是像windows通过扩展名来确定文件类型，linux中文件名的后缀只是辅助识别文件类型（规范），并不能真正决定文件的类型。

EXAMPLES

[root@VM_0_171_centos ~]# file anaconda-ks.cfg
anaconda-ks.cfg: ASCII text