MySQL常用表结构查询语句

在我们使用数据库进行查询或者建表时，经常需要查看表结构，下面以employees数据库中的departments表为例进行表结构查询：

departments表：（2列9行）

+---------+--------------------+
| dept_no | dept_name          |
+---------+--------------------+
| d009    | Customer Service   |
| d005    | Development        |
| d002    | Finance            |
| d003    | Human Resources    |
| d001    | Marketing          |
| d004    | Production         |
| d006    | Quality Management |
| d008    | Research           |
| d007    | Sales              |
+---------+--------------------+

方法 1：DESC departments;

方法 2：DESCRIBE departments;

方法 3：SHOW COLUMNS FROM departments;

以上三种方法的查询结果相同：

mysql> DESC departments;
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field     | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| dept_no   | char()     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| dept_name | varchar() | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

方法 4： 借用MySQL自身的information_schema数据库，输入如下指令：

--  方法4
SELECT *
FROM information_schema.COLUMNS
WHERE table_schema = 'employees' AND table_name = 'departments';

--  方法4简化版（需要处于 information_schema数据库内）
SELECT * FROM COLUMNS
WHERE table_name = 'departments';

查询结果如下：

mysql> SELECT *
    -> FROM information_schema.COLUMNS
    -> WHERE table_schema = 'employees' AND table_name = 'departments'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           TABLE_CATALOG: def
            TABLE_SCHEMA: employees
              TABLE_NAME: departments
             COLUMN_NAME: dept_no
        ORDINAL_POSITION: 1
          COLUMN_DEFAULT: NULL
             IS_NULLABLE: NO
               DATA_TYPE: char
CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH: 4
  CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH: 12
       NUMERIC_PRECISION: NULL
           NUMERIC_SCALE: NULL
      DATETIME_PRECISION: NULL
      CHARACTER_SET_NAME: utf8
          COLLATION_NAME: utf8_general_ci
             COLUMN_TYPE: char(4)
              COLUMN_KEY: PRI
                   EXTRA:
              PRIVILEGES: select,insert,update,references
          COLUMN_COMMENT:
   GENERATION_EXPRESSION:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
           TABLE_CATALOG: def
            TABLE_SCHEMA: employees
              TABLE_NAME: departments
             COLUMN_NAME: dept_name
        ORDINAL_POSITION: 2
          COLUMN_DEFAULT: NULL
             IS_NULLABLE: NO
               DATA_TYPE: varchar
CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH: 40
  CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH: 120
       NUMERIC_PRECISION: NULL
           NUMERIC_SCALE: NULL
      DATETIME_PRECISION: NULL
      CHARACTER_SET_NAME: utf8
          COLLATION_NAME: utf8_general_ci
             COLUMN_TYPE: varchar(40)
              COLUMN_KEY: UNI
                   EXTRA:
              PRIVILEGES: select,insert,update,references
          COLUMN_COMMENT:
   GENERATION_EXPRESSION:

方法 5： 表信息查询，输入如下指令：

SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE '%departments%';

查询结果：

*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: departments
         Engine: InnoDB
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 9
 Avg_row_length: 1820
    Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
   Index_length: 16384
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: NULL
    Create_time: 2018-12-05 20:37:56
    Update_time: NULL
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: utf8_general_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options:
        Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

方法 6：建表信息查询 ，输入如下指令：

SHOW CREATE TABLE departments \G

查询结果：

mysql> show create table departments\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: departments
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `departments` (
  `dept_no` char(4) NOT NULL,
  `dept_name` varchar(40) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`dept_no`),
  UNIQUE KEY `dept_name` (`dept_name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)