Git基础教程（一）

本教程为学习笔记，github作为最受欢迎的资源库，不可不学！详细教程参见：廖雪峰的官方网站Git教程系列。准备花两篇幅搞定实战总结，闲言碎语少说，脚踏实地求真！

1，Git入门

      Git是目前世界上最先进的分布式版本控制系统（没有之一）。

 ·    1）在Windows上安装Git，安装包详见：https://git-for-windows.github.io，安装成功后：

    2）基本配置

        配置邮箱和账户名：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)
 $ git config --global user.name "zhangbc"

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)
 $ git config --global user.email "zhangbochengcheng189@163.com"

        创建版本库：版本库又名仓库，英文名repository，你可以简单理解成一个目录，这个目录里面的所有文件都可以被Git管理起来，每个文件的修改、删除，Git都能跟踪，以便任何时刻都可以追踪历史，或者在将来某个时刻可以“还原”。

  Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)
  $ cd F:

  Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f
  $ mkdir learngit

  Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f
  $ cd learngit/

  Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit
  $ pwd
  /f/learngit

       初始化：

  Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit
  $ git init
  Initialized empty Git repository in F:/learngit/.git/

  Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
  $

 

     把文件添加到版本库：

     使用Windows要特别注意：千万不要使用Windows自带的记事本编辑任何文本文件。

原因是：Microsoft开发记事本的团队使用了一个非常弱智的行为来保存UTF-8编码的文件，他们自作聪明地在每个文件开头添加了0xefbbbf（十六进制）的字符，你会遇到很多不可思议的问题，比如，网页第一行可能会显示一个“?”，明明正确的程序一编译就报语法错误，等等，都是由记事本的弱智行为带来的。

建议：使用Notepad++代替记事本，记得把Notepad++的默认编码设置为UTF-8 without BOM即可。

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git add readme.md

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git commit -m "wrote a readme file."
 [master (root-commit) a25e8e4] wrote a readme file.
 1 file changed,42 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 readme.md

     修改文件后，查看状态：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git status
 On branch master
 Changes not staged for commit:
 (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 modified: readme.md
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

      查看修改详情：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git diff readme.md
 diff --git a/readme.md b/readme.md
 index 33a3876..46dd97d100644
 --- a/readme.md
 +++ b/readme.md
 @@-40,3+40,6@@
 git提交到github：
 ssh-keygen -C ‘zhangbocheng189@163.com’-t rsa
 回到GitHub个人首页，点击AccountSettings-> SSH PublicKeys->Add another public key。title 可以随便取名字，Key里面添加的内容为 id_rsa.pub 文件内所有的代码。然后点击Apply即可。
 +
 +Git is a distributed version control system.
 +Git is free software.
 \ No newline at end of file

    查看日志：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git log
 commit 6fa7dc43a0aa553ae0a3cf9b9a6c9b2757a8e556
 Author: zhangbc <zhangbochengcheng189@163.com>
 Date:   Sun Mar 5 23:21:18 2017 +0800
     wrote a readme file.
 commit a25e8e46a364a39e52a36cec1bb94bf58921fae4
 Author: zhangbc <zhangbochengcheng189@163.com>
 Date:   Sun Mar 5 23:07:56 2017 +0800
     wrote a readme file.

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git log --pretty=oneline
 6fa7dc43a0aa553ae0a3cf9b9a6c9b2757a8e556 wrote a readme file.
 a25e8e46a364a39e52a36cec1bb94bf58921fae4 wrote a readme file.

       在Git中，用HEAD表示当前版本，也就是最新的提交3628164...882e1e0（注意我的提交ID和你的肯定不一样），上一个版本就是HEAD^，上上一个版本就是HEAD^^，当然往上100个版本写100个^比较容易数不过来，所以写成HEAD~100。

        恢复版本：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git reset --hard HEAD^
 HEAD is now at a25e8e4 wrote a readme file.

       还原恢复操作：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git reset --hard 6fa7dc43a0aa553ae0a3cf9b9a6c9b2757a8e556
 HEAD is now at 6fa7dc4 wrote a readme file.

       查看历史版本：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git reflog
 6fa7dc4 HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 6fa7dc43a0aa553ae0a3cf9b9a6c9b2757a8e556
 a25e8e4 HEAD@{1}: reset: moving to HEAD^
 6fa7dc4 HEAD@{2}: commit: wrote a readme file.
 a25e8e4 HEAD@{3}: commit (initial): wrote a readme file.

2，Git进阶

    1）工作区和暂存区

           工作区：即在电脑中能看到的目录，如leangit文件夹就是一个工作区。

           版本库：工作区有一个隐藏目录.git，这个不算工作区，而是Git的版本库。

          Git的版本库里存了很多东西，其中最重要的就是称为stage（或者叫index）的暂存区，还有Git为我们自动创建的第一个分支master，以及指向master的一个指针叫HEAD。

    2）管理修改

           每次修改，如果不add到暂存区，那就不会加入到commit中。

         撤销修改：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git checkout -- readme.md

     命令git checkout -- readme.md意思就是，把readme.md文件在工作区的修改全部撤销，这里有两种情况：

1）是readme.md自修改后还没有被放到暂存区，现在，撤销修改就回到和版本库一模一样的状态；

2）是readme.md已经添加到暂存区后，又作了修改，现在，撤销修改就回到添加到暂存区后的状态。

        删除修改：

        （1）删错了，需要恢复：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ rm test.md

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git status
 On branch master
 Changes not staged for commit:
   (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

         deleted:    test.md

 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git checkout -- test.md

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git status
 On branch master
 nothing to commit, working tree clean

        （2）彻底删除：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ rm test.md
 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git status
 On branch master
 Changes not staged for commit:
     (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
     (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

 deleted: test.md

 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git rm test.md
 rm 'test.md'

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git commit -m "remove test.md"
 [master 1f8e8c7] remove test.md
 1 file changed,45 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 test.md

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git status
 On branch master
 nothing to commit, working tree clean

3，远程仓库

    1）配置github

        （1）创建SSH Key：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "zhangbocheng189@163.com"
 Generating public/private rsa key pair.
 Enter file in which to save the key (/c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa): zhangbc
 Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
 Enter same passphrase again:
 Your identification has been saved in zhangbc.
 Your public key has been saved in zhangbc.pub.
 The key fingerprint is:
 SHA256:ULusTjP9zWYbldd/snUjJIgG1Jwqqzu1QtT7m2I7zXQ zhangbocheng189@163.com
 The key's randomart image is:
 +---[RSA 2048]----+
 | .o o |
 | . = . |
 | . .o . |
 | . o ..o... ..|
 |. + oS. . .o o|
 | . + ..E o. ..|
 |. o * * . ....=|
 | + = *.o . oo..++|
 | .=.+oo .o+.. |
 +----[SHA256]-----+

        （2）配置GitHub：

公钥地址：C:\Users\Administrator\.ssh\id_rsa.pub

     2）添加远程库-->登陆Github，创建一个分库learngit

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git remote add origin git@github.com:zhangbc/learngit.git

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git push -u origin master
 Permission denied (publickey).
 fatal:Could not read from remote repository.

 Please make sure you have the correct access rights
 and the repository exists.

调试:

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ ssh -T -v git@github.com
 OpenSSH_7.3p1,OpenSSL1.0.2k26Jan2017
 debug1:Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config
 debug1:Connecting to github.com [192.30.253.113] port 22.
 debug1:Connection established.
 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa type 1
 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory
 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1
 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory
 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_dsa type -1
 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory
 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1
 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory
 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1
 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory
 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1
 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory
 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1
 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory
 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ed25519-cert type -1
 debug1:Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0
 debug1:Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.3
 debug1:Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version libssh-0.7.0
 debug1: no match: libssh-0.7.0
 debug1:Authenticating to github.com:22 as 'git'
 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent
 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received
 debug1: kex: algorithm: curve25519-sha256@libssh.org
 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: ssh-rsa
 debug1: kex: server->client cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC:<implicit> compression: none
 debug1: kex: client->server cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC:<implicit> compression: none
 debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY
 debug1:Server host key: ssh-rsa SHA256:nThbg6kXUpJWGl7E1IGOCspRomTxdCARLviKw6E5SY8
 debug1:Host'github.com' is known and matches the RSA host key.
 debug1:Found key in/c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/known_hosts:1
 debug1: rekey after 134217728 blocks
 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent
 debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS
 debug1: rekey after 134217728 blocks
 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received
 debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received
 debug1:Authentications that can continue: publickey
 debug1:Next authentication method: publickey
 debug1:Offering RSA public key:/c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa
 debug1:Authentications that can continue: publickey
 debug1:Trying private key:/c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_dsa
 debug1:Trying private key:/c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ecdsa
 debug1:Trying private key:/c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ed25519
 debug1:No more authentication methods to try.
 Permission denied (publickey).

错误原因：使用了不正确的公钥，在安装目录下寻找。

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)
 $ find -name *pub
 ./.android/adbkey.pub
 ./.ssh/id_rsa.pub
 ./AppData/Roaming/VanDyke/Config/KnownHosts/160.16.205.132[160.16.205.132]22.pub

 

查看远程库：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)
 $ git remote -v
 origin git@github.com:zhangbc/learngit.git (fetch)
 origin git@github.com:zhangbc/learngit.git (push)

删除远程库的文件：

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)
 $ git rm -f gitReadme.md
 rm 'gitReadme.md'

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)
 $ git commit -m "delete file Gitreadme.md"
 [master 20828c2] delete file Gitreadme.md
 1 file changed,4 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 gitReadme.md

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)
 $ git push origin master
 Counting objects:2,done.
 Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
 Compressing objects:100%(2/2),done.
 Writing objects:100%(2/2),236 bytes |0 bytes/s,done.
 Total2(delta 1), reused 0(delta 0)
 remote:Resolving deltas:100%(1/1), completed with 1local objects.
 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git
 c182956..20828c2 master -> master

删除远程库：

zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)
$ git remote remove origin      

     3）从远程库克隆

zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload
$ git clone git@github.com:zhangbc/cnblogs_Scrapy.git
Cloning into 'cnblogs_Scrapy'...
remote:Counting objects:33,done.
remote:Compressing objects:100%(28/28),done.
remote:Total33(delta 3), reused 33(delta 3), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects:100%(33/33),34.74KiB|0 bytes/s,done.
Resolving deltas:100%(3/3),done.

 

来自为知笔记(Wiz)