C# Task WaitAll和WaitAny

Task 有静态方法WaitAll和WaitAny，主要用于等待其他Task完成后做一些事情，先看看其实现部分吧：

public class Task : IThreadPoolWorkItem, IAsyncResult, IDisposable
{
   //Waits for all of the provided Task objects to complete execution.
    public static void WaitAll(params Task[] tasks)
    {
        WaitAll(tasks, Timeout.Infinite);
    }

    //Waits for any of the provided Task objects to complete execution.Return The index of the completed task in the tasks array argument.
   public static int WaitAny(params Task[] tasks)
    {
        int waitResult = WaitAny(tasks, Timeout.Infinite);
        Contract.Assert(tasks.Length ==  || waitResult != -, "expected wait to succeed");
        return waitResult;
    }

    //true if all of the Task instances completed execution within the allotted time; otherwise, false.
    public static bool WaitAll(Task[] tasks, int millisecondsTimeout, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        if (tasks == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException("tasks");
        }
        if (millisecondsTimeout < -)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("millisecondsTimeout");
        }
        Contract.EndContractBlock();
        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested(); // early check before we make any allocations

        List<Exception> exceptions = null;
        List<Task> waitedOnTaskList = null;
        List<Task> notificationTasks = null;

        // If any of the waited-upon tasks end as Faulted or Canceled, set these to true.
        bool exceptionSeen = false, cancellationSeen = false;
        bool returnValue = true;

        // Collects incomplete tasks in "waitedOnTaskList"
        for (int i = tasks.Length - ; i >= ; i--)
        {
            Task task = tasks[i];
            if (task == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Task_WaitMulti_NullTask"), "tasks");
            }

            bool taskIsCompleted = task.IsCompleted;
            if (!taskIsCompleted)
            {
                // try inlining the task only if we have an infinite timeout and an empty cancellation token
                if (millisecondsTimeout != Timeout.Infinite || cancellationToken.CanBeCanceled)
                {
                    AddToList(task, ref waitedOnTaskList, initSize: tasks.Length);
                }
                else
                {
                    // We are eligible for inlining.  If it doesn't work, we'll do a full wait.
                    taskIsCompleted = task.WrappedTryRunInline() && task.IsCompleted; // A successful TryRunInline doesn't guarantee completion
                    if (!taskIsCompleted) AddToList(task, ref waitedOnTaskList, initSize: tasks.Length);
                }
            }
            if (taskIsCompleted)
            {
                if (task.IsFaulted) exceptionSeen = true;
                else if (task.IsCanceled) cancellationSeen = true;
                if (task.IsWaitNotificationEnabled) AddToList(task, ref notificationTasks, initSize: 1);
            }
        }

        if (waitedOnTaskList != null)
        {
            // Block waiting for the tasks to complete.
            returnValue = WaitAllBlockingCore(waitedOnTaskList, millisecondsTimeout, cancellationToken);

            // If the wait didn't time out, ensure exceptions are propagated, and if a debugger is
            // attached and one of these tasks requires it, that we notify the debugger of a wait completion.
            if (returnValue)
            {
                foreach (var task in waitedOnTaskList)
                {
                    if (task.IsFaulted) exceptionSeen = true;
                    else if (task.IsCanceled) cancellationSeen = true;
                    if (task.IsWaitNotificationEnabled) AddToList(task, ref notificationTasks, initSize: );
                }
            }

            GC.KeepAlive(tasks);
        }

        if (returnValue && notificationTasks != null)
        {
            foreach (var task in notificationTasks)
            {
                if (task.NotifyDebuggerOfWaitCompletionIfNecessary()) break;
            }
        }

        // If one or more threw exceptions, aggregate and throw them.
        if (returnValue && (exceptionSeen || cancellationSeen))
        {
            if (!exceptionSeen) cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();

            // Now gather up and throw all of the exceptions.
            foreach (var task in tasks) AddExceptionsForCompletedTask(ref exceptions, task);
            Contract.Assert(exceptions != null, "Should have seen at least one exception");
            throw new AggregateException(exceptions);
        }

        return returnValue;
    }

    public static int WaitAny(Task[] tasks, int millisecondsTimeout, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        if (tasks == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException("tasks");
        }
        if (millisecondsTimeout < -)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("millisecondsTimeout");
        }
        Contract.EndContractBlock();
        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested(); // early check before we make any allocations

        int signaledTaskIndex = -;
        for (int taskIndex = ; taskIndex < tasks.Length; taskIndex++)
        {
            Task task = tasks[taskIndex];
            if (task == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Task_WaitMulti_NullTask"), "tasks");
            }
            if (signaledTaskIndex == - && task.IsCompleted)
            {
                signaledTaskIndex = taskIndex;
            }
        }

        if (signaledTaskIndex == - && tasks.Length != )
        {
            Task<Task> firstCompleted = TaskFactory.CommonCWAnyLogic(tasks);
            bool waitCompleted = firstCompleted.Wait(millisecondsTimeout, cancellationToken);
            if (waitCompleted)
            {
                Contract.Assert(firstCompleted.Status == TaskStatus.RanToCompletion);
                signaledTaskIndex = Array.IndexOf(tasks, firstCompleted.Result);
                Contract.Assert(signaledTaskIndex >= );
            }
        }
        GC.KeepAlive(tasks);
        return signaledTaskIndex;
    }

    //Performs a blocking WaitAll on the vetted list of tasks.true if all of the tasks completed; otherwise, false.
    private static bool WaitAllBlockingCore(List<Task> tasks, int millisecondsTimeout, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        Contract.Assert(tasks != null, "Expected a non-null list of tasks");
        Contract.Assert(tasks.Count > , "Expected at least one task");
        bool waitCompleted = false;
        var mres = new SetOnCountdownMres(tasks.Count);
        try
        {
            foreach (var task in tasks)
            {
                task.AddCompletionAction(mres, addBeforeOthers: true);
            }
            waitCompleted = mres.Wait(millisecondsTimeout, cancellationToken);
        }
        finally
        {
            if (!waitCompleted)
            {
                foreach (var task in tasks)
                {
                    if (!task.IsCompleted) task.RemoveContinuation(mres);
                }
            }
        }
        return waitCompleted;
    }

    private sealed class SetOnCountdownMres : ManualResetEventSlim, ITaskCompletionAction
    {
        private int _count;

        internal SetOnCountdownMres(int count)
        {
            Contract.Assert(count > , "Expected count > 0");
            _count = count;
        }

        public void Invoke(Task completingTask)
        {
            if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref _count) == 0) Set();
            Contract.Assert(_count >= , "Count should never go below 0");
        }
    }
}

我们首先看看WaitAll的方法，检查Task数组中每个Task实例，检查Task是否已经完成，如果没有完成就把Task添加到waitedOnTaskList集合中，如果waitedOnTaskList集合有元素那么，我们就调用WaitAllBlockingCore来实现真正的等待，当代完毕后我们需要检查notificationTasks集合是否有元素，如果有则依次调用Task的NotifyDebuggerOfWaitCompletionIfNecessary方法。WaitAllBlockingCore实现阻塞是依靠SetOnCountdownMres实例的【和CountdownEvent思路一样，每次调用Invoke的时候，就把计数器_count减1，当_count==0时就调用Set方法】，在WaitAllBlockingCore方法退出前，需要检查Task是否都完成，如果有没有完成的需要移除相应task的SetOnCountdownMres实例【if (!task.IsCompleted) task.RemoveContinuation(mres);】，SetOnCountdownMres的Invoke方法是在Task的FinishContinuations方法调用的【 ITaskCompletionAction singleTaskCompletionAction = continuationObject as ITaskCompletionAction; singleTaskCompletionAction.Invoke(this);注意FinishContinuations方法是在FinishStageThree中调用】注意里面的GC.KeepAlive(tasks)。

现在我们来看看WaitAny方法的实现，首先我们需要循环Task[]，检查里面是否有Task已经完成，如果有则直接返回，否者我们调用Task<Task> firstCompleted = TaskFactory.CommonCWAnyLogic(tasks);返回一个Task，然后调用该Task的Wait方法【bool waitCompleted = firstCompleted.Wait(millisecondsTimeout, cancellationToken);】，让我们来看看CommonCWAnyLogic的实现：

public class TaskFactory
{
    internal static Task<Task> CommonCWAnyLogic(IList<Task> tasks)
    {
        Contract.Requires(tasks != null);
        var promise = new CompleteOnInvokePromise(tasks);
        bool checkArgsOnly = false;
        int numTasks = tasks.Count;
        for(int i=; i<numTasks; i++)
        {
            var task = tasks[i];
            if (task == null) throw new ArgumentException(Environment.GetResourceString("Task_MultiTaskContinuation_NullTask"), "tasks");

            if (checkArgsOnly) continue;

            // If the promise has already completed, don't bother with checking any more tasks.
            if (promise.IsCompleted)
            {
                checkArgsOnly = true;
            }
            // If a task has already completed, complete the promise.
            else if (task.IsCompleted)
            {
                promise.Invoke(task);
                checkArgsOnly = true;
            }
            // Otherwise, add the completion action and keep going.
            else task.AddCompletionAction(promise);
        }
        return promise;
    }
     internal sealed class CompleteOnInvokePromise : Task<Task>, ITaskCompletionAction
    {
        private IList<Task> _tasks; // must track this for cleanup
        private int m_firstTaskAlreadyCompleted;

        public CompleteOnInvokePromise(IList<Task> tasks) : base()
        {
            Contract.Requires(tasks != null, "Expected non-null collection of tasks");
            _tasks = tasks;

            if (AsyncCausalityTracer.LoggingOn)
                AsyncCausalityTracer.TraceOperationCreation(CausalityTraceLevel.Required, this.Id, "TaskFactory.ContinueWhenAny", );

            if (Task.s_asyncDebuggingEnabled)
            {
                AddToActiveTasks(this);
            }
        }

        public void Invoke(Task completingTask)
        {
            if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref m_firstTaskAlreadyCompleted, , ) == )
            {
                if (AsyncCausalityTracer.LoggingOn)
                {
                    AsyncCausalityTracer.TraceOperationRelation(CausalityTraceLevel.Important, this.Id, CausalityRelation.Choice);
                    AsyncCausalityTracer.TraceOperationCompletion(CausalityTraceLevel.Required, this.Id, AsyncCausalityStatus.Completed);
                }

                if (Task.s_asyncDebuggingEnabled)
                {
                    RemoveFromActiveTasks(this.Id);
                }

                bool success = TrySetResult(completingTask);
                Contract.Assert(success, "Only one task should have gotten to this point, and thus this must be successful.");

                var tasks = _tasks;
                int numTasks = tasks.Count;
                for (int i = ; i < numTasks; i++)
                {
                    var task = tasks[i];
                    if (task != null && // if an element was erroneously nulled out concurrently, just skip it; worst case is we don't remove a continuation
                        !task.IsCompleted) task.RemoveContinuation(this);
                }
                _tasks = null;

            }
        }
    }
}

CommonCWAnyLogic首先实例化CompleteOnInvokePromise【var promise = new CompleteOnInvokePromise(tasks)】，检查promise 是否完成，检查每个Task是否完成，否者就把promise作为Task的Continue Task【这里可以理解为每个Task都有一个相同Continue Task】，而CompleteOnInvokePromise自己的wait是在WaitAny中的firstCompleted.Wait(millisecondsTimeout, cancellationToken)方法，当其中其中一个Task完成后，在Task的FinishContinuations方法调用的CompleteOnInvokePromise的Invoke【一旦触发后就需要移调其他task上的CompleteOnInvokePromise，如这里的task.RemoveContinuation(this)】。在CompleteOnInvokePromise的Invoke方法我们调用TrySetResult(completingTask)方法，期实现如下：

public class Task<TResult> : Task
{
    internal bool TrySetResult(TResult result)
    {
        if (IsCompleted) return false;
        Contract.Assert(m_action == null, "Task<T>.TrySetResult(): non-null m_action");
        if (AtomicStateUpdate(TASK_STATE_COMPLETION_RESERVED,
                TASK_STATE_COMPLETION_RESERVED | TASK_STATE_RAN_TO_COMPLETION | TASK_STATE_FAULTED | TASK_STATE_CANCELED))
        {
            m_result = result;
            Interlocked.Exchange(ref m_stateFlags, m_stateFlags | TASK_STATE_RAN_TO_COMPLETION);

            var cp = m_contingentProperties;
            if (cp != null) cp.SetCompleted();
            FinishStageThree();
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
}

这里的TrySetResult方法里面调用FinishStageThree方法，以保证Task后面的Continue Task的执行。