Linux用户配置sudo权限(visudo)

sudo的工作过程如下：

1，当用户执行sudo时，系统会主动寻找/etc/sudoers文件，判断该用户是否有执行sudo的权限

2，确认用户具有可执行sudo的权限后，让用户输入用户自己的密码确认

3，若密码输入成功，则开始执行sudo后续的命令

4，root执行sudo时不需要输入密码(eudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL这样一条规则)

5，若欲切换的身份与执行者的身份相同，也不需要输入密码

visudo使用vi打开/etc/sudoers文件，但是在保存退出时，visudo会检查内部语法，避免用户输入错误信息

visudo需要root权限

使用visudo命令打开sudo配置文件

## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.
## 该文件允许特定用户像root用户一样使用各种各样的命令，而不需要root用户的密码
##
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
## users or groups.
## 在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例以供选择，这些示例都可以被特定用户或
## 用户组所使用
##
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
## 该文件必须使用"visudo"命令编辑  

## Host Aliases
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
## 对于一组服务器，你可能会更喜欢使用主机名（可能是全域名的通配符）
## 、或IP地址，这时可以配置主机别名
# Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
# Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2  

## User Aliases
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
## rather than USERALIAS
## 这并不很常用，因为你可以通过使用组来代替一组用户的别名
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem  

## Command Aliases
## These are groups of related commands...
## 指定一系列相互关联的命令（当然可以是一个）的别名，通过赋予该别名sudo权限，
## 可以通过sudo调用所有别名包含的命令，下面是一些示例  

## Networking 网络操作相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient
, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig
, /sbin/mii-tool  

## Installation and management of software 软件安装管理相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum  

## Services 服务相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig  

## Updating the locate database 本地数据库升级命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb  

## Storage 磁盘操作相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe
, /bin/mount, /bin/umount  

## Delegating permissions 代理权限相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp   

## Processes 进程相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall  

## Drivers 驱动命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe  

# Defaults specification  

#
# Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear.
#         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
# 一些环境变量的相关配置，具体情况可见man soduers
Defaults    requiretty  

Defaults    env_reset
Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"  

Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin  

## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
## systems).
## 下面是规则配置：什么用户在哪台服务器上可以执行哪些命令（sudoers文件可以在多个系统上共享）
## Syntax(语法):
##
##  user    MACHINE=COMMANDS 用户 登录的主机=（可以变换的身份） 可以执行的命令
##
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
## 命令部分可以附带一些其它的选项
##
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
## 允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令
root    ALL=(ALL)   ALL  

## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software,
## service management apps and more.
## 允许sys中户组中的用户使用NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE
, DRIVERS  

## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
## 允许wheel用户组中的用户执行所有命令
%wheel  ALL=(ALL)   ALL  

## Same thing without a password
## 允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户的密码的情况下使用所有命令
# %wheel    ALL=(ALL)   NOPASSWD: ALL  

## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the
## cdrom as root
## 允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用mount、unmount、chrom命令
# %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom  

## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
## 允许users用户组中的用户关闭localhost这台服务器
# %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now  

## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
## 读取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夹中的文件（此处的#不意味着这是一个声明）
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

#参考配置

[ceph@admin-node ~]$ sudo visudo
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.
##
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
##
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.

## Host Aliases
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
# Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
# Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2

## User Aliases
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
## rather than USERALIAS
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem

## Command Aliases
## These are groups of related commands...

## Networking

## Installation and management of software
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum

## Services

## Updating the locate database
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb

## Storage
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount

## Delegating permissions
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp

## Processes
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall

## Drivers
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe

# Defaults specification

#
# Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear.
#         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
#
Defaults:ceph  !requiretty

#
# Refuse to run if unable to disable echo on the tty. This setting should also be
# changed in order to be able to use sudo without a tty. See requiretty above.
#
Defaults   !visiblepw

#
# Preserving HOME has security implications since many programs
# use it when searching for configuration files. Note that HOME
# is already set when the the env_reset option is enabled, so
# this option is only effective for configurations where either
# env_reset is disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep list.
#
Defaults    always_set_home

Defaults    env_reset
Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"

#
# Adding HOME to env_keep may enable a user to run unrestricted
# commands via sudo.
#
# Defaults   env_keep += "HOME"

Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
## systems).
## Syntax:
##
##      user    MACHINE=COMMANDS
##
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
##
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
root    ALL=(ALL)       ALL
ceph    ALL=(root)      NOPASSWD: ALL   #添加一个普通用户，切换时不需要密码

## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software,
## service management apps and more.
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS

## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
%wheel  ALL=(ALL)       ALL

## Same thing without a password
# %wheel        ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD: ALL

## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the
## cdrom as root
# %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom

## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
# %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now

## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

#使配置生效

[ceph@node4 ~]$ sudo visudo -c
/etc/sudoers: parsed OK
/etc/sudoers.d/ceph: parsed OK