descriptive statistics：组织和总结信息，为自身（可以是population也可以是sample）审视和探索，

inferential statistics.从sample中推论population情况并评价推论可信度

在population中精挑细选出sample

Observational Studies:观察

 and Designed Experiments：施加控制和影响，再观察

Observational studies can reveal only association（即事实一与事实二有关系）, whereas designed experiments can help establish causation（事实一导致了事实二）

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