继续上篇Git基础教程（一），在开篇之前，先回顾一下上篇中的基本命令。
 配置命令：git config --global *

 版本库初始化：git init

 向版本库添加文件：git add *

 提交文件：git commit *

 查看状态：git status

 查看修改详情：git diff *

 查看日志：git log  (*)

 恢复版本：git reset *

 撤销：git checkout -- *

 删除：git rm *

 配置github：ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "******@163.com"

 添加远程库：git remote add *

 调试：ssh -T -v git@github.com

 查询远程库：git remote -v

 删除远程库文件：

 git rm -f gitReadme.md

 git commit -m "delete file Gitreadme.md"  --先删除本地库

 git push origin master

 删除远程库：git remote remove origin

 克隆远程库：git clone *

　（续）4，分支管理

    1）查看当前分支
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git branch

 * master
    2）创建并切换
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git branch dev

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git checkout dev

 Switched to branch 'dev'
       等价语句：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git checkout -b working

 Switched to a new branch 'working'

         git branch命令会列出所有分支，当前分支前面会标一个*号。
        3）合并分支工作成果
在working分支添加一个readme.md
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (working)

 $ git add readme.md

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (working)

 $ git commit -m 'add readme.md'

 [working 59dc0fe] add readme.md

 1 file changed,16 insertions(+)

 create mode 100644 readme.md
    
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (working)

 $ cat readme.md

 ----------

 # 数据结构学习笔记 #

 >**本笔记来自学习《数据结构与算法.严蔚敏（48集）》视频，[数据结构(C语言版)].严蔚敏_吴伟民.扫描版.pdf。**

 ----------

 # 第01章 绪论 #

 ## 学习要点 ##

 1.熟悉各名词、术语的含义，掌握基本概念；

 2.理解算法五个要素的确切含义；

 3.掌握计算语句频度和估算算法时间复杂度的方法。

 ## 代码块 ##

 -矩阵乘法

 -选择排序

 -冒泡排序

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ cat readme.md

 cat: readme.md:No such file or directory
把working上的工作成果合并到master上来：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git merge working

 Updating b460b3f..59dc0fe

 Fast-forward

  readme.md |16++++++++++++++++

 1 file changed,16 insertions(+)

  create mode 100644 readme.md
删除分支：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git branch -d dev

 Deleted branch dev (was b460b3f).
强行删除分支：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git branch -d working

 error:The branch 'working' is not fully merged.

 If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D working'.
遇到问题如下：

分析：
 

 任务未完成。解决：

 
      
    小结：往远程库添加一个文件的步骤如下：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git add readme.md

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git commit -m "add a reame.md file."

 [master b6fc772] add a reame.md file.

 1 file changed,17 insertions(+)

 create mode 100644 readme.md

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git pull --rebase origin master

 remote:Counting objects:2,done.

 remote:Compressing objects:100%(2/2),done.

 remote:Total2(delta 1), reused 0(delta 0), pack-reused 0

 Unpacking objects:100%(2/2),done.

 From github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure

   * branch master -> FETCH_HEAD

   6fb284c..8366817 master -> origin/master

 First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...

 Applying: add a reame.md file.

 Applying:数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc

 Applying: add a reame.md file.

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git push origin master

 Counting objects:6,done.

 Delta compression using up to 4 threads.

 Compressing objects:100%(6/6),done.

 Writing objects:100%(6/6),604 bytes |0 bytes/s,done.

 Total6(delta 4), reused 0(delta 0)

 remote:Resolving deltas:100%(4/4), completed with 2local objects.

 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git

   8366817..da420b4 master -> master
     4）解决冲突
在分支dev提交gitReadme.md：
zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

$ cat gitReadme.md

# gitReadme #

----------

Creating a new branch is quick and simple.(Dev)

zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

$ git add gitReadme.md

zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

$ git commit -m "Add gitReadme.md"

[dev 366500d]Add gitReadme.md

1 file changed,4 insertions(+)

create mode 100644 gitReadme.md
切换到主分支master上：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git checkout master

 Switched to branch 'master'

 M readme.md

 Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits.

 (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $
在分支master修改并提交gitReadme.md：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ cat gitReadme.md

 # gitReadme #

 ----------

 Change a main branch of master is quick and simple.(Master)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git add gitReadme.md

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git commit -m "Add gitReadme.md"

 [master b466603]Add gitReadme.md

 1 file changed,4 insertions(+)

 create mode 100644 gitReadme.md

 合并：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git merge dev

 Auto-merging gitReadme.md

 CONFLICT (add/add):Merge conflict in gitReadme.md

 Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

 
查看文档：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)

 $ cat gitReadme.md

 # gitReadme #

 ----------

 <<<<<<< HEAD

 Change a main branch of master is quick and simple.(Master)

 =======

 Creating a new branch is quick and simple.(Dev)

 >>>>>>> dev
手动解决：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)

 $ vi gitReadme.md

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)

 $ cat gitReadme.md

 # gitReadme #

 ----------

 Change a main branch of master is quick and simple.(Master)

 ----------

 Creating a new branch is quick and simple.(Dev)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)

 $ git add gitReadme.md

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master|MERGING)

 $ git commit -m "Add gitReadme.md confict fixed."

 [master 8e59a4d]Add gitReadme.md confict fixed.

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $

查看日志：

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit

     5）分支管理策略
           通常，合并分支时，如果可能，Git会用Fast forward模式，但这种模式下，删除分支后，会丢掉分支信息。如果要强制禁用Fast forward模式，Git就会在merge时生成一个新的commit，这样，从分支历史上就可以看出分支信息。 
创建分支dev并切换，添加文件：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git checkout -b dev

 Switched to a new branch 'dev'

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ cat gitReadme.md

 # gitReadme #

 ----------

 Creating a new branch with --no-ff is quick and simple.(Dev)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git add gitReadme.md

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git commit -m 'Add merge with --no-ff.'

 [dev 49afeab]Add merge with --no-ff.

 1 file changed,1 insertion(+),4 deletions(-)
切换到主分支master上，并合并：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git checkout master

 Switched to branch 'master'

 Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 6 commits.

 (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git merge --no-ff -m "Merge with no-ff." dev

 Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.

 gitReadme.md |5+----

 1 file changed,1 insertion(+),4 deletions(-)
查看日志：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit

     在实际开发中，我们应该按照几个基本原则进行分支管理：
首先，master分支应该是非常稳定的，也就是仅用来发布新版本，平时不能在上面干活；
干活都在dev分支上，也就是说，dev分支是不稳定的，到某个时候，比如1.0版本发布时，再把dev分支合并到master上，在master分支发布1.0版本；
每个人都在dev分支上干活，每个人都有自己的分支，时不时地往dev分支上合并即可。
 
5，多人协作
    1）bug分支
        Git还提供了一个stash功能，可以把当前工作现场“储藏”起来，等以后恢复现场后继续工作。
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git branch

     * dev

     master

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git status

 On branch dev

 Changes not staged for commit:

     (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)

     (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

         modified: readme.md

 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git stash

 Saved working directory and index state WIP on dev:49afeabAdd merge with --no-ff.

 HEAD is now at 49afeabAdd merge with --no-ff.

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git checkout master

 Switched to branch 'master'

 Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 10 commits.

 (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git checkout -b issue-101

 Switched to a new branch 'issue-101'

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (issue-101)

 $ git add readme.md

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (issue-101)

 $ git commit -m "fix bug 101"

 On branch issue-101

 nothing to commit, working tree clean

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (issue-101)

 $ git checkout master

 Switched to branch 'master'

 Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 10 commits.

 (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git merge --no-ff -m "merge bug fix 101" issue-101

 Already up-to-date.

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git branch -d issue-101

 Deleted branch issue-101(was c182956).

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git checkout dev

 Switched to branch 'dev'

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git status

 On branch dev

 nothing to commit, working tree clean

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git stash list

 stash@{0}: WIP on dev:49afeabAdd merge with --no-ff.

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git stash pop

 On branch dev

 Changes not staged for commit:

     (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)

     (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

         modified: readme.md

 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

 Dropped refs/stash@{0}(ab63aa01e37e908d49ab921656884b29b17aeac1)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git stash list

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

2）feature分支

       开发一个新feature，最好新建一个分支；如果要丢弃一个没有被合并过的分支，可以通过git branch -D <name>强行删除。
    3）多人协作
查看远程库信息：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git remote

 origin

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git remote -v

 origin git@github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git (fetch)

 origin git@github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git (push)
推送分支：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git push origin dev

 Counting objects:20,done.

 Delta compression using up to 4 threads.

 Compressing objects:100%(20/20),done.

 Writing objects:100%(20/20),1.81KiB|0 bytes/s,done.

 Total20(delta 12), reused 0(delta 0)

 remote:Resolving deltas:100%(12/12), completed with 2local objects.

 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git

 *[new branch] dev -> dev
推送原则：
         (1)master分支是主分支，因此要时刻与远程同步；
(2)dev分支是开发分支，团队所有成员都需要在上面工作，所以也需要与远程同步；
(3)bug分支只用于在本地修复bug；
(4)feature分支是否推到远程，取决于合作开发。

抓取分支：

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (dev)

 $ git clone git@github.com:zhangbc/PythonWorking.git

 Cloning into 'PythonWorking'...

 remote:Counting objects:90,done.

 remote:Compressing objects:100%(2/2),done.

 remote:Total90(delta 0), reused 0(delta 0), pack-reused 88

 Receiving objects:100%(90/90),18.55KiB|6.00KiB/s,done.

 Resolving deltas:100%(47/47),done.
6，标签管理
  发布一个版本时，我们通常先在版本库中打一个标签（tag），这样，就唯一确定了打标签时刻的版本。将来无论什么时候，取某个标签的版本，就是把那个打标签的时刻的历史版本取出来。所以，标签也是版本库的一个快照。
创建标签：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git tag V1.0
查看标签：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git tag

 V1.0
补打标签，先查找commit id：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit

 c182956 merge bug fix 101

 2fd9cb4 fix bug 101

 ffb5db6 Merge with no-ff.

 49afeabAdd merge with --no-ff.

 8e59a4dAdd gitReadme.md confict fixed.

 b466603 Add gitReadme.md

 366500dAdd gitReadme.md

 63b712aMerge branch 'dev'

 4d28e6d an example

 6da4fcd an example

 da420b4 add a reame.md file.

 cfce135 数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc

 5433fd9 add a reame.md file.

 8366817Delete README.md

 6fb284c数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc

 ac69d7d 数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc

 bde6080 add readme.md

 39013c9Create README.md

 b460b3f 数据结构学习笔记 by zhangbc

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git tag v0.1 da420b4

查看标签详情：

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git show V1.0

 commit c182956d8cf80b393b18027cc6bb010481aeae40

 Merge: ffb5db6 2fd9cb4

 Author: zhangbc <zhangbochengcheng189@163.com>

 Date:MonMar616:47:202017+0800

 merge bug fix 101
创建带有说明的标签：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git tag -a V0.2-m "Version 0.1 released"5433fd9

 另外，创建带私钥签名的标签（配置略过）：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git tag -s -a V0.3-m "Version 0.3 released"
删除标签：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git tag -d show

 Deleted tag 'show'(was c182956)
推送标签：
 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git push origin V0.2

 Counting objects:1,done.

 Writing objects:100%(1/1),168 bytes |0 bytes/s,done.

 Total1(delta 0), reused 0(delta 0)

 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git

 *[new tag] V0.2-> V0.2

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git push origin --tag

 Total0(delta 0), reused 0(delta 0)

 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git

 *[new tag] V1.0-> V1.0

 *[new tag] v0.1-> v0.1

删除远程库标签：

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git tag -d V0.2

 Deleted tag 'V0.2'(was 30a96b6)

 zhangbc@working MINGW64 /d/BaiduYunDownload/dataStructure (master)

 $ git push origin :refs/tags/V0.2

 To github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git

 -[deleted]V0.2
 
7，自定义Git
让Git显示不同的颜色：
 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)

 $ git config --global color.ui true
        在Git工作区的根目录下创建一个特殊的.gitignore文件，然后把要忽略的文件名填进去，Git就会自动忽略这些文件。
配置别名：
 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)

 $ git config --global alias.st status

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)

 $ git st

 On branch master

 nothing to commit, working tree clean
 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)

 $ git config --global alias.lg "log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit"

 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)

 $ git lg

 *53aad04-(HEAD -> master, origin/master) C++ ignore file.(21 minutes ago)<zhangbc>

 * c28d67e -本笔记系统说明文件 by zhangbc (35 minutes ago)<zhangbc>

 * b797aab - delete file readmeBug.md (38 minutes ago)<zhangbc>

 *20828c2- delete file Gitreadme.md (44 minutes ago)<zhangbc>

配置Git的时候，加上--global是针对当前用户起作用的，如果不加，那只针对当前仓库起作用。

每个仓库的配置文件：
Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /e/DataStructure/dataStructure (master)

$ cat .git/config

[core]

        repositoryformatversion =0

        filemode = false

        bare = false

        logallrefupdates = true

        symlinks = false

        ignorecase = true

[remote "origin"]

        url = git@github.com:zhangbc/dataStructure.git

        fetch =+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
当前用户的配置文件：
 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)

 $ cat .gitconfig

 [user]

         name = *****

         email = **********@163.com

 [color]

         ui = true

 [alias]

         st = status

         g = log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset'--abbrev-commit

最后，Git基础入门知识，到此已基本完成，欢迎各位拍砖！

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