目前的XF还是非常简陋的,所以存在大量的自定义工作。一般情况下我们只是要需要派生原生的XF控件,然后在各平台下修改其呈现方法。
所以了解每个XF控件在不同平台上呈现使用的控件类是有所必须要的。以下别人整理的一个参考,很不错。
对于XF 命名空间下的 Button类,该类定义使用按钮的这个界面元素所需要的内容 可以设置的属性(颜色,背景色),能支持的事件等等
当然Button在平台(ios android WP)上最终呈现的样式,是否真的支持设置背景色,是否真的支持某些事件 都是有平台命名空间下各个Render决定的
iOS: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS
Android: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android
Windows Phone: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone
每个类库下都有一个ButtonRender 类
以下是Android Button Render类的部分代码
public class ButtonRenderer : ViewRenderer<Button, Button>, View.IOnAttachStateChangeListener, IJavaObject, IDisposable
{
//
protected override void OnElementChanged (ElementChangedEventArgs<Button> e)
{
base.OnElementChanged (e);
if (base.Control == null) {
Button button = new Button (base.Context);
button.SetOnClickListener (ButtonRenderer.ButtonClickListener.Instance.get_Value ());
button.Tag = this;
this.buttonDefaulTextColors = button.TextColors;
base.SetNativeControl (button);
button.AddOnAttachStateChangeListener (this);
}
this.UpdateAll ();
}
我们可以从中可以看出端倪,ButtonRender 继承ViewRenderer<Xamarin.Forms.Button, Android.Widget.Button>,两个范型参数 第一个是XF类,第二个在平台上真实的控件类,Button Render 的OnElementChanged 方法实现了具体的显示逻辑。
如何具体实现自定义Render的操作可以参见http://developer.xamarin.com/guides/cross-platform/xamarin-forms/custom-renderer/
-----------
This guide was update using Xamarin.Forms version 1.1.0.6201, which is the latest version at the time of this page's last edit.
Platform Specific renderers can be found in the following namespaces:
iOS: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS
Android: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android
Windows Phone: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone
With the 6201 release many of the inconsistencies in the controls have been address but some still exist. Sometimes the Windows Phone renderers were creating the native controls by loading an Xaml file or pulling the native control out of Application.CurrentResources. In these cases I was not able to tell exactly what native controls were being created.
Base Renderer
To start with, all renders usually derive from a platform specific base renderer class that in turn inherit from a platform specific control. If you want to create platform specific renderers from scratch you are probably going to be deriving them from the correct platform's base renderer class. These have been substantially standardized in version 6201 with all controls inheriting from a generic version of ViewRenderer. There is also a non-generic version that appears to be used sometimes by navigation controls. The methods on these classes are also more in line with each other than they had been but still not the same. For example the iOS version has a method called ViewOnUnfocusRequested while the Android's version of the same method is called OnUnfocusRequested.
iOS:
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.ViewRenderer<TView, TNavitveView>
Platform Specific Control: types deriving from MonoTouch.UIKit.UIView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.ViewRenderer<TView, TNavitveView>
Platform Specific Control: types deriving from Android.Views.ViewGroup
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.ViewRenderer<TModel, TElement>
Platform Specific Control: types deriving from System.Windows.FrameworkElement
Layout Renderers
ContentPage
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.PageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.PageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Views.ViewGroup
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.PageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.Panel
MasterDetailPage
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.PhoneMasterDetailRenderer for iPhone and Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.TabletMasterDetailRenderer for iPad
Platform Specific Control: custom flyout on iPhone and MonoTouch.UIKit.UISplitViewController for iPad
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.MasterDetailRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Support.V4.Widget.DrawerLayout
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.MasterDetailRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.Panel
NavigationPage
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.NavigationRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIToolbar and derives from MonoTouch.UIKit.UINavigationController
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.NavigationRenderer
Platform Specific Control: No View of its own, deals with switching content derived from Android.Views.View
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.NavigationPageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: No View of its own, deals with switching content derived from System.Windows.FrameworkElements
TabbedPage
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.TabbedRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIViewController with contained MonoTouch.UIKit.UIView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.TabbedRenderer
Platform Specific Control: No View of its own, deals with switching content derived from Android.Views.View
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.TabbedPageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: inherits from Microsoft.Phone.Controls.Pivot
CarouselPage
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.CarouselPageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIScrollView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.CarouselPageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Views.View
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.CarouselPageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.PanoramaItem
Frame
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.FrameRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.FrameRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Graphics.Drawables.Drawable
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.FrameRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.UIElement
ScrollView
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.ScrollViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIScrollView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.ScrollViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.ScrollView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.ScrollViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.ScrollViewer
AbsoluteLayout
iOS
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Android
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Windows Phone
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Grid
iOS
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Android
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Windows Phone
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
RelativeLayout
iOS
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Android
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Windows Phone
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
StackLayout
iOS
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Android
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Windows Phone
Renderer:
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
TableView
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.TableViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UITableView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.TableViewRenderer (Table), Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.TableViewModelRenderer (Rows)
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.ListView (Table), Android.Views.View (Row)
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.TableViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.LongListSelector
Control Renderers
ActivityIndicator
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.ActivityIndicatorRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIActivityIndicatorView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.ActivityIndicatorRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.ProgressBar
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.ActivityIndicatorRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.ProgressBar
BoxView
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.BoxRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.CoreGrahics.CGContext
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.BoxRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Views.ViewGroup
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.BoxViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Shapes.Rectangle
Button
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.ButtonRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIButton
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.ButtonRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.Button
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.ButtonRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.Button
DatePicker
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.DatePickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIToolbar with MonoTouch.UIKit.UIBarButtonItems
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.DatePickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.App.DatePickerDialog
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.DatePickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.DateTimePickerBase
Editor
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.EditorRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UITextView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.EditorRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.EditText
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.EditorRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.TextBox
Entry
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.EntryRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UITextField
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.EntryRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.EditText
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.EntryRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.PhoneTextBox or System.Windows.Controls.PasswordBox
Image
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.ImageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIImageView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.ImageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.ImageView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.ImageRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.Image
Label
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.LabelRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UILabel
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.LabelRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.TextView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.LabelRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.TextBlock
ListView
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.ListViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UITableView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.ListViewRenderer (currently internal in scope and not derivable)
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.ListView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.ListViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.LongListSelector
OpenGLView
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.OpenGLViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.GLKit.GLKView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.OpenGLRenderer (currently internal in scope and not derivable)
Platform Specific Control: Android.Opengl.GLSurfaceView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Unsure
Platform Specific Control: Unsure
Picker
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.PickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIPickerView, MonoTouch.UIKit.UIPickerViewModel, MonoTouch.UIKit.UIToolBar, Two MonoTouch.UIKit.UIBarButtonItems, MonoTouch.UIKit.UITextField
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.PickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.TextView, Android.App.AlertDialog and Android.Widget.NumberPicker
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.PickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.ListPicker
ProgressBar
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.ProgressBarRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIProgressView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.ProgressBarRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.ProgressBar
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.ProgressBarRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.ProgressBar
SearchBar
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.SearchBarRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UISearchBar
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.SearchBarRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.SearchView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.SearchBarRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.PhoneTextBox
Slider
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.SliderRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UISlider
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.SliderRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.SeekBar
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.SliderRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.Slider
Stepper
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.StepperRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIStepper
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.StepperRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.LinearLayout with four Android.Widget.Buttons
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.StepperRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.Border with four System.Windows.Controls.Buttons
Switch
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.SwitchRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UISwitch
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.SwitchRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.Switch
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.SwitchRenderer
Platform Specific Control: System.Windows.Controls.Primitives.ToggleButton
TimePicker
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.TimePickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIDatePicker, MonoTouch.UIKit.UITextField, MonoTouch.UIKit.UIToolbar, MonoTouch.UIKit.UIBarButtonItems
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.TimePickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Two Android.Widget.TextViews and a Android.App.AlertDialog
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.TimePickerRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.DateTimePickerBase
WebView
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.WebViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UIWebView
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.WebRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Webkit.WebView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.WebViewRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Microsoft.Phone.Controls.WebBrowser
Cell Controls
EntryCell
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.EntryCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UITableViewCell with a MonoTouch.UIKit.UITextField
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.EntryCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.LinearLayout contianing Android.Widget.TextView and Android.Widget.EditText
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.EntryCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Pulls from Application.Current.Resources for name "EntryCell" of type System.Windows.DataTemplate
SwitchCell
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.SwitchCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UITableViewCell with a MonoTouch.UIKit.UISwitch
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.SwitchCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.Switch
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.SwitchCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Pulls from Application.Current.Resources for name "SwitchCell" of type System.Windows.DataTemplate
TextCell
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.TextCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UITableViewCel
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.TextCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.LinearLayout contianing two Android.Widget.TextViews and Android.Widget.ImageView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.TextCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Pulls from Application.Current.Resources for name "TextCell", or "ListViewHeaderTextCell" or "ListViewTextCell" of type System.Windows.DataTemplate depending on parent/context of the cell.
ImageCell
iOS
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.ImageCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: MonoTouch.UIKit.UITableViewCell with a MonoTouch.UIKit.UIImage
Android
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.Android.ImageCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Android.Widget.LinearLayout contianing two Android.Widget.TextViews and Android.Widget.ImageView
Windows Phone
Renderer: Xamarin.Forms.Platform.WinPhone.ImageCellRenderer
Platform Specific Control: Pulls from Application.Current.Resources for name "ListImageCell", or "ImageCell" of type System.Windows.DataTemplate depending on parent/context of the cell.
I hope this helps people trying to understand what these renderers are creating on the native platforms and gives a hint at how they can be extended.
- See more at: http://magenic.com/Blog/PostId/31/xamarin-xamarinforms-renderer-reference#sthash.gfQllYrJ.dpuf
欢迎加入群88684603 一起讨论学习
- Swift游戏实战-跑酷熊猫 06 创建平台类以及平台工厂类
这节内容我们一起学习下随机长度的踩踏平台的原理是怎么样的. 要点: 平台类 我们的平台类继承于SKNode,这样就能被添加进其它节点进而显示在场景中. 它有一个方法来创建平台,这个方法接收一个包含SK ...
- MindSpore平台系统类
MindSpore平台系统类 Q:MindSpore只能在华为自己的NPU上跑么? A: MindSpore同时支持华为自己的Ascend NPU.GPU与CPU,是支持异构算力的. Q:MindSp ...
- 利用Spring中同名Bean相互覆盖的特性,定制平台的类内容。
欢迎和大家交流技术相关问题: 邮箱: jiangxinnju@163.com 博客园地址: http://www.cnblogs.com/jiangxinnju GitHub地址: https://g ...
- mes平台Action类模版
Connection conn = null; PreparedStatement pst = null; ResultSet rs = null; @Override public String e ...
- WorldWind源码剖析系列:可渲染对象类RenderableObject
RenderableObject是WorldWind中所有需要渲染的对象的父类,继承了接口IRenderable和Icomparable.其派生类体系如下所示.RenderableObject的成员如 ...
- 云平台(cloud platforms)
云平台:允许开发者们或是将写好的程序放在“云”里运行,或是使用“云”里提供的服务,或二者皆是的服务 转向云计算(cloud computing),是业界将要面临的一个重大改变.各种云平台(cloud ...
- Eclipse插件开发中对于Jar包和类文件引用的处理(彻底解决插件开发中的NoClassDefFoundError问题)(转)
目的:Eclipse插件开发中,经常要引用第三方包或者是引用其他插件中的类,由于插件开发环境引用类路径的设置和运行平台引用类路径的设置不同,经常导致开发过程OK,一旦运行则出现NoClassDefFo ...
- swift语言实战晋级-第9章 游戏实战-跑酷熊猫-9-10 移除平台与视差滚动
9.9 移除场景之外的平台 用为平台是源源不断的产生的,如果不注意销毁,平台就将越积越多,虽然在游戏场景中看不到.几十个还看不出问题,那几万个呢?几百万个呢? 所以我们来看看怎么移除平台,那什么样的平 ...
- swift语言实战晋级-第9章 游戏实战-跑酷熊猫-7-8 移动平台的算法
在上个小节,我们完成了平台的产生.那么我们来实现一下让平台移动.平台的移动,我们只需要在平台工厂类中写好移动的方法,然后在GameScene类中统一控制就行了. 在GameScene类中,有个upda ...
随机推荐
- crontab 启动 、运行 和编辑 查看
cron服务是Linux的内置服务,但它不会开机自动启动.可以用以下命令启动和停止服务: /sbin/service crond start /sbin/service crond stop /sbi ...
- USACO . Your Ride Is Here
Your Ride Is Here It is a well-known fact that behind every good comet is a UFO. These UFOs often co ...
- git的学习
学习怎么使用git这个分布式版本控制系统 学习资源 廖雪峰的git教程 Git的官方文档 Git命令列表 Git参考手册 中文 https://www.dropbox.com/s/sp2eupl8tp ...
- jenkins邮件配置
jenkins自带的邮件管理太弱了,为了能按自定义的方式发送邮件,需要安装一个插件: Jenkins Email Extension Plugin. 1.配置邮件:通过"系统管理&quo ...
- 做了一个sublime text插件
做了一个sublime text插件,可以方便地查看C++/python的调用图.插件的演示视频在这里: http://list.youku.com/albumlist/show?id=2820226 ...
- [LeetCode] Remove Duplicate Letters 移除重复字母
Given a string which contains only lowercase letters, remove duplicate letters so that every letter ...
- GDB调试汇编堆栈过程分析
GDB调试汇编堆栈过程分析 分析过程 这是我的C源文件:click here 使用gcc - g example.c -o example -m32指令在64位的机器上产生32位汇编,然后使用gdb ...
- functools模块
from functools import wraps def logged(func): @wraps(func) def with_logging(*args, **kwargs) ...
- 【C#】类单例 可以解决全局变量的问题
单件模式(Singleton):保证一个类仅有一个实例,并提供一个访问它的全局访问点. 知道 详解
- MVC项目中,如何访问Views目录下的静态文件!
<!--注意,是system.webServer节点,而非system.web--><system.webServer> <handlers> <add na ...