scrapy的UA池和代理池

一.下载中间件(Downloader Middlewares)

框架图如下

下载中间件(Downloader Middlewares)位于scrapy引擎和下载器之间的一层组件.

- 作用:

(1)引擎的请求传递给下载器的过程中,下载中间件可以对请求进行一系列处理.比如设置请求的User-Agnet,设置代理等

(2)在下载器完成Response传递给引擎中,下载中间件可以对响应进行一系列处理.比如进行gzip解压等.

我们主要使用下载中间件处理请求,一般会对请求设置随机的User-Agent,设置随机的代理.目的在于防止爬取网站的的反爬虫策略.

二.UA池(User-Agent池)

- 作用:尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求伪装成不同的浏览器身份.

- 操作流程;

1.在下载中间件中拦截请求

2.将拦截到的请求头信息中的UA进行篡改伪装

3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件

代码展示:

#导包
from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware
import random
#UA池代码的编写（单独给UA池封装一个下载中间件的一个类）
class RandomUserAgent(UserAgentMiddleware):

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        #从列表中随机抽选出一个ua值
        ua = random.choice(user_agent_list)
        #ua值进行当前拦截到请求的ua的写入操作
        request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent',ua)

user_agent_list = [
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
]

三.代理池

- 作用:尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求的ip设置成不同的.

- 操作流程:

1.在下载中间件中拦截请求

2.将拦截到的请求ip修改成某一代理ip

3.在配置文件中开启下载

代码展示:

#批量对拦截到的请求进行ip更换
#单独封装下载中间件类
class Proxy(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        #对拦截到请求的url进行判断（协议头到底是http还是https）
        #request.url返回值：http://www.xxx.com
        h = request.url.split(':')[0]  #请求的协议头
        if h == 'https':
            ip = random.choice(PROXY_https)
            request.meta['proxy'] = 'https://'+ip
        else:
            ip = random.choice(PROXY_http)
            request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://' + ip

#可被选用的代理IP
PROXY_http = [
    '153.180.102.104:80',
    '195.208.131.189:56055',
]
PROXY_https = [
    '120.83.49.90:9000',
    '95.189.112.214:35508',
]