Linux系统——PXE高效能批量网络装机

PXE：Pre-boot Excution Environment，预启动执行环境，石油Intel公司开发的网络引导技术，工作在Client、Server模式，允许客户机通过网络从远程服务器下载阴道镜像，并记载安装文件或者整个操作系统。
搭建PXE网络体系，必须要满足一下条件：
1. 客户机的网卡支持PXE协议（集成BOOTROM芯片），且主板支持网络引导。
2. 网络中有一台DHCP服务器，一边为客户机分配地址、指定引导文件位置
服务器通过TFTP简单文件传输协议提供引导镜像文件的下载。

工作过程：
工作站开机后，PXE BootROM（自启动芯片）获得控制权之前先做自我测试，然后以广播形式发出一个请求FIND帧。如果服务器收到工作站所送出的要求，就会送回DHCP回应，内容包括用户端的IP地址，预设通讯通道及开机应许昂文件。否则，服务器会忽略这个要求。工作站收到服务器发回的响应后则会回应一个帧，以请求传送启动所需文件。之后，将有更多的讯息在工作站与服务器之间作应答，用以决定启动参数。BootROM由TFTP通信协议从服务器下载开机映像档，这个映像档就是软盘的映像文件。工作站树勇TFTP协议接受启动文件后，将控制权转交启动快，引导操作系统，完成远程启动。
#### 搭建PXE远程安装服务器
1. 安装并启动TFTP服务

```
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /var/ftp/centos6
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/ftp/centos6/
[root@localhost centos6]# cp -rp /media/cdrom/* .
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install tftp-server
[root@localhost centos6]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
# default: off
# description: The tftp server serves files using the trivial file transfer \
# protocol. The tftp protocol is often used to boot diskless \
# workstations, download configuration files to network-aware printers, \
# and to start the installation process for some operating systems.
service tftp
{
socket_type = dgram
protocol = udp
wait = no # 无需等待，同一时刻可以多个客户端连接
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
server_args = -s /var/lib/tftpboot #tftp服务的根目录
disable = no #开启tftp服务
per_source = 11
cps = 100 2
flags = IPv4
}

```
2. 启动tftp

```
[root@localhost centos6]# /etc/init.d/xinetd start
Starting xinetd: [ OK ]
[root@localhost centos6]# chkconfig tftp on
```
3. 准备Linux内核、初始化镜像文件

```
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/ftp/centos6/isolinux/
[root@localhost isolinux]# ls
boot.cat initrd.img memtest vesamenu.c32
boot.msg isolinux.bin splash.jpg vmlinuz
grub.conf isolinux.cfg TRANS.TBL
[root@localhost isolinux]# cp vmlinuz initrd.img /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@localhost isolinux]# ls /var/lib/tftpboot/
initrd.img vmlinuz

```
4. 准备PXE引导程序、启动菜单文件
准备引导程序

```
[root@localhost isolinux]# yum -y install syslinux
[root@localhost isolinux]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@localhost isolinux]# ls /var/lib/tftpboot/
initrd.img pxelinux.0 vmlinuz
[root@localhost isolinux]#

```
准备启动菜单

```
[root@localhost ~]# cp /var/ftp/centos6/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@localhost tftpboot]# chmod 644 isolinux.cfg
[root@localhost tftpboot]# vim isolinux.cfg

default linux #改个名字
prompt 0 #不进行交互
#timeout 600

display boot.msg

#menu background splash.jpg
#menu title Welcome to CentOS 6.5!
#menu color border 0 #ffffffff #00000000
#menu color sel 7 #ffffffff #ff000000
#menu color title 0 #ffffffff #00000000
#menu color tabmsg 0 #ffffffff #00000000
#menu color unsel 0 #ffffffff #00000000
#menu color hotsel 0 #ff000000 #ffffffff
#menu color hotkey 7 #ffffffff #ff000000
#menu color scrollbar 0 #ffffffff #00000000

label linux
menu label ^Install or upgrade an existing system
menu default
kernel vmlinuz
append initrd=initrd.img
label text #对原数据进行更改
menu label Install system with ^basic video driver
kernel vmlinuz
append text initrd=initrd.img xdriver=vesa nomodeset #对原数据进行更改
label rescue
menu label ^Rescue installed system
kernel vmlinuz
append rescue initrd=initrd.img rescue #对原数据进行更改
label local
menu label Boot from ^local drive
localboot 0xffff
label memtest86
menu label ^Memory test
kernel memtest
append -
[root@localhost tftpboot]# cd /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@localhost tftpboot]# mkdir pxelinux.cfg
[root@localhost tftpboot]# mv isolinux.cfg ./pxelinux.cfg/default

```
5. 安装并启动DHCP服务（pxe服务端)

```
[root@localhost tftpboot]# yum -y install dhcp
[root@localhost tftpboot]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.sample .
[root@localhost tftpboot]# cat dhcpd.conf.sample > /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
[root@localhost tftpboot]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
# dhcpd.conf
#
# Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
#

# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "www.yunjisuan.com";
option domain-name-servers 192.168.239.2;

default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;

# Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
#ddns-update-style none;

# If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
# network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
#authoritative;

# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;

# No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the
# DHCP server to understand the network topology.
# This is a very basic subnet declaration.

subnet 192.168.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.239.100 192.168.239.200;
option routers 192.168.239.2;
next-server 192.168.239.132; #PXE的IP地址
filename "pxelinux.0";

}
[root@localhost tftpboot]# /etc/init.d/dhcpd start
Starting dhcpd: [ OK ]
[root@localhost tftpboot]# netstat -antup | grep 67
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:67 0.0.0.0:* 1528/dhcpd
[root@localhost tftpboot]# yum -y install vsftpd
[root@localhost tftpboot]# /etc/init.d/vsftpd start
Starting vsftpd for vsftpd: [ OK ]

```
6. 测试连接ftp功能（pxe客户端）
```
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ftp
[root@localhost ~]# ftp 192.168.239.132
Connected to 192.168.239.132 (192.168.239.132).
220 (vsFTPd 2.2.2)
Name (192.168.239.132:root): ftp
331 Please specify the password.
Password: #密码为空
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> ls
227 Entering Passive Mode (192,168,239,132,90,93).
150 Here comes the directory listing.
drwxr-xr-x 7 0 0 4096 Dec 02 15:32 centos6
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Mar 22 2017 pub
226 Directory send OK.
ftp> cd centos6
250 Directory successfully changed.
ftp> ls
227 Entering Passive Mode (192,168,239,132,90,223).
150 Here comes the directory listing.
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 14 Nov 29 2013 CentOS_BuildTag
dr-xr-xr-x 3 0 0 4096 Nov 29 2013 EFI
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 212 Nov 27 2013 EULA
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 18009 Nov 27 2013 GPL
dr-xr-xr-x 2 0 0 282624 Nov 29 2013 Packages
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 1354 Nov 27 2013 RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 1706 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 1730 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 1730 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 1734 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
-r--r--r-- 1 0 0 3380 Nov 29 2013 TRANS.TBL
dr-xr-xr-x 3 0 0 4096 Nov 29 2013 images
dr-xr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 29 2013 isolinux
dr-xr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 29 2013 repodata
226 Directory send OK.
ftp> exit
221 Goodbye.

```
7. 新建虚拟机进行验证
（1）调整BIOS，一边从网络引导（不调整默认从网络引导）
在工具栏的【虚拟机】选项，选择【电源】，点击【打开电源时进入固件】进入BIOS界面，将network boot from Intel E1000调整到第一位

（2）自动获取IP地址，并指向centos安装源

在URL setup输入ftp的URL（连接对方的IP地址），进行正常装机
#### 实现kickstart无人值守安装
1. 创建应答文件

```
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install system-config-kickstart

```