JPA访问数据库的几种方式

JPA访问数据库的几种方式

本文为原创，转载请注明出处：https://www.cnblogs.com/supiaopiao/p/10901793.html

1. Repository

1.1. 通过方法名称直接生成查询

Keyword	Sample	JPQL snippet
And	findByLastnameAndFirstname	… where x.lastname = ?1 and x.firstname = ?2
Or	findByLastnameOrFirstname	… where x.lastname = ?1 or x.firstname = ?2
Is,Equals	findByFirstname,findByFirstnameIs,findByFirstnameEquals	… where x.firstname = ?1
Between	findByStartDateBetween	… where x.startDate between ?1 and ?2
LessThan	findByAgeLessThan	… where x.age < ?1
LessThanEqual	findByAgeLessThanEqual	… where x.age <= ?1
GreaterThan	findByAgeGreaterThan	… where x.age > ?1
GreaterThanEqual	findByAgeGreaterThanEqual	… where x.age >= ?1
After	findByStartDateAfter	… where x.startDate > ?1
Before	findByStartDateBefore	… where x.startDate < ?1
IsNull	findByAgeIsNull	… where x.age is null
IsNotNull,NotNull	findByAge(Is)NotNull	… where x.age not null
Like	findByFirstnameLike	… where x.firstname like ?1
NotLike	findByFirstnameNotLike	… where x.firstname not like ?1
StartingWith	findByFirstnameStartingWith	… where x.firstname like ?1(parameter bound with appended %)
EndingWith	findByFirstnameEndingWith	… where x.firstname like ?1(parameter bound with prepended %)
Containing	findByFirstnameContaining	… where x.firstname like ?1(parameter bound wrapped in %)
OrderBy	findByAgeOrderByLastnameDesc	… where x.age = ?1 order by x.lastname desc
Not	findByLastnameNot	… where x.lastname <> ?1
In	findByAgeIn(Collection<Age> ages)	… where x.age in ?1
NotIn	findByAgeNotIn(Collection<Age> ages)	… where x.age not in ?1
True	findByActiveTrue()	… where x.active = true
False	findByActiveFalse()	… where x.active = false
IgnoreCase	findByFirstnameIgnoreCase	… where UPPER(x.firstame) = UPPER(?1)

In和NotIn可以使用任何Collection的子类作为参数。

案例：

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Integer>, JpaSpecificationExecutor<User> {
    Page<User> findByName(String name);

List<User> findByNameAndPhone(String name, String phone);

User findUserById(Integer id);

void deleteByIdIn(List<Integer> idList);
}

1.2. @Query注解

可以使用Spring Data JPA 的@Query注解将查询绑定到repository的函数上。

备注：注解到查询方法上的@Query执行顺序优先于下文中的@NamedQuery。

1.2.1. HQL

注意：使用“:属性名”的时候，最好在接口上加上@Param注解，否则会报类似如下异常：

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Integer>{
@Query(value = "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.name like %?1%")//不加nativeQuery应使用HQL
List<User> findTable2(String name);

@Query(value = "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.name like %:name% and u.sex = :sex")
    List<User> findTable3(@Param("name") String name, @Param("sex")String sex);
}

1.2.2. 原生SQL

（1）@Query注解通过设置nativeQuery标识支持执行原生SQL查询语句

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Integer>{
@Query(value = "SELECT * FROM user WHERE name like %?1%", nativeQuery = true)
List<User> findTable1(String name);

}

（2）Spring Data JPA通过原生SQL进行查询时，不能满足Page条件进行分页，所以可以通过countQuery标识执行count查询实现Page分页：

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Integer>{
   @Query(value = "SELECT * FROM user WHERE name like %?1%",
            countQuery = "SELECT count(*) FROM user WHERE name like %?1%",
            nativeQuery = true)
    Page<User> findTable3(String name, Pageable pageable);
}

1.3. @Modifying注解

1. 在@Query注解中编写JPQL实现DELETE和UPDATE操作的时候必须加上@Modifying注解，以通知Spring Data这是一个DELETE或UPDATE操作。
2. UPDATE或者DELETE操作需要使用事务，此时需要定义Service层，在Service层的方法上添加事务操作@Transactional。
3. Modifying查询语句中能用于void/int/Integer 返回类型，不能用于其他类型
4. 注意JPQL不支持INSERT操作。

代码示例：

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Integer>{

@Modifying
    @Query("UPDATE User u SET u.name = :name WHERE u.id = :id")
    void updateTable(@Param("name") String name, @Param("id")Integer id);

@Modifying
@Query("delete from User u WHERE u.id in :idList")
void deleteByIds(@Param("idList")List<Integer> idList);

}

2. 实体类中定义，在Repository中使用

2.1. 命名查询@NamedQuery

使用@NamedQuery为实体创建查询适用于定义少量查询。@NamedQuery需要声明在实体类上，@NamedQuery可以实现命名HQL查询（或JPQL）。

备注：注解到查询方法上的@Query（上文中）执行顺序优先于@NamedQuery。

@Entity
@NamedQuery(name = "Two.selectBySex",query = "select t from Two t where t.sex = ?1 group by id")
public class Two {
    @Id

@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    @Column(name="id",nullable=false)
    private Integer id;

@Column(name="name",nullable=false)
    private String name;

@Column(name="sex",nullable=false)
    private String sex;

Set、get方法省略
}

Repository层代码展示：

public interface TwoRepository extends JpaRepository<Two, Integer>{
    //实体类上通过@NamedQuery注解实现查询
    List<Two> selectBySex(String sex);
}

Spring Data处理这些方法对命名查询的调用，以实体类名称开始，后接方法名，以点作连接符。所以NameQuery定义在实体上，而不是定义在方法上。

2.2. 一个实体类中有多个命名查询@NamedQueries

上面我们演示了命名查询@NamedQuery的写法，当然JPA也支持多个@NamedQuery，那就是@NamedQueries

@Entity
@NamedQueries(value = {
        @NamedQuery(
                name = "Two.selectBySex",
                query = "select t from Two t where t.sex = ?1 group by id"),
        @NamedQuery(
                name = "Two.findUserByPrimaryKey",
                query = "select t from Two t where t.id = :id")
})

public class Two {
    @Id

@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    @Column(name="id",nullable=false)
    private Integer id;

@Column(name="name",nullable=false)
    private String name;

@Column(name="sex",nullable=false)
    private String sex;

Set、get方法省略
}

Repository层代码展示：

public interface TwoRepository extends JpaRepository<Two, Integer>{
    //实体类上通过@NamedQuery注解实现查询
    List<Two> selectBySex(String sex);
    Two findUserByPrimaryKey(@Param("id") Integer id);
}

Spring Data处理这些方法对命名查询的调用，以实体类名称开始，后接方法名，以点作连接符。所以NameQuery定义在实体上，而不是定义在方法上。

2.3. 命名原生sql查询@NamedNativeQuery

@NamedNativeQuery可以实现命名原生sql查询

@Entity
@NamedNativeQuery(name = "Three.selectBySex", query = "select * from three where sex = ?1 group by id", resultClass = Three.class)
@Table(name="three")
public class Three {
    @Id

@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    @Column(name="id",nullable=false)
    private Integer id;

@Column(name="name",nullable=false)
    private String name;

@Column(name="sex",nullable=false)
    private String sex;

Set、get方法省略
}

Repository层代码展示：

public interface ThreeRepository extends JpaRepository<Three, Integer>{
    //实体类上通过@NamedNativeQuery注解实现查询
    List<Three> selectBySex(String sex);
}

2.4. 一个实体类中有多个命名查询@NamedNativeQueries

上面我们演示了命名查询@NamedNativeQuery的写法，当然JPA也支持多个@NamedNativeQuery，那就是@NamedNativeQueries

@Entity
@NamedNativeQueries(value = {
        @NamedNativeQuery(
                name = "Three.selectBySex",
                query = "select * from three where sex = ?1 group by id",
                resultClass = Three.class),
        @NamedNativeQuery(
                name = "Three.findUserByPrimaryKey",
                query = "select * from three where id = :id",
                resultClass = Three.class)//resutlClass用来指定实体类，resutlSetMapping用来指定映射的名称
})
@Table(name="three")
public class Three {
    @Id

@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    @Column(name="id",nullable=false)
    private Integer id;

@Column(name="name",nullable=false)
    private String name;

@Column(name="sex",nullable=false)
    private String sex;

Set、get方法省略
}

Repository层代码展示：

public interface ThreeRepository extends JpaRepository<Three, Integer>{
    //实体类上通过@NamedNativeQuery注解实现查询
    List<Three> selectBySex(String sex);
    Three findUserByPrimaryKey(@Param("id") Integer id);
}

3. 外部ORM文件中定义，在Repository中使用

3.1. 命名查询named-query

使用XML配置，向位于resources/META-INF文件夹下的orm.xml配置文件添加必要的<name-query/>元素。

resources/META-INF下orm.xml配置：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<entity-mappings xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/orm"
                 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                 xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/orm
                                     http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/orm_2_0.xsd" version="2.1">

<!-- JPA Named Queries -->
    <named-query name="One.selectByName">
        <query>SELECT o FROM One o WHERE o.sex = ?1 group by id</query>
    </named-query>

<named-query name="One.findUserByPrimaryKey">
        <query>SELECT o FROM One o WHERE o.id = :id</query>
    </named-query>
</entity-mappings>

Repository层代码展示：

public interface OneRepository extends JpaRepository<One, Integer>{
    //1.1 XML定义 命名查询
    List<One> selectByName(String name);
    One findUserByPrimaryKey(@Param("id") Integer id);
}

3.2. 原生SQL查询named-native-query

使用XML配置，向位于resources/META-INF文件夹下的orm.xml配置文件添加必要的<named-native-query/>元素。

resources/META-INF下orm.xml配置：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<entity-mappings xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/orm"
                 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                 xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/orm
                                     http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/orm_2_0.xsd" version="2.1">

<!-- JPA Named Native Queries -->
    <named-native-query name="One.selectByName1">
        <query>SELECT * FROM one WHERE sex = ?1 group by id</query>
    </named-native-query>

<!--result-class用来指定实体类，result-set-mapping用来指定映射的名称-->
    <named-native-query name="One.findUserByPrimaryKey1" result-class="cn.com.bmsoft.stormplan.basic.entity.One">
        <query>SELECT * FROM one WHERE id = :id</query>
    </named-native-query>
</entity-mappings>

Repository层代码展示：

package cn.com.bmsoft.stormplan.basic.dao;

import cn.com.bmsoft.stormplan.basic.entity.One;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaSpecificationExecutor;
import org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param;

import java.util.List;

public interface OneRepository extends JpaRepository<One, Integer>{
    //1.2 XML定义 原生sql查询 named-native-query
    List<One> selectByName1(String sex);
    One findUserByPrimaryKey1(@Param("id")Integer id);
}

4. SpEL表达式

从Spring Data JPA 1.4版本开始，支持在@Query定义的查询中使用SpEL模板表达式。在执行查询的时候，这些表达式通过一个事先定义好的变量集合求值。Spring Data JPA支持一个名为entityName的变量。它的用法是select x from #{#entityName} x。它会将域类型的entityName与给定repository关联起来。entityName按照如下方式处理：如果域类型在@Entity注解上设置了name属性，则使用该属性。否则直接使用域类型的类名。

下例演示了在定义带有查询方法和手工定义查询的repository接口时使用#{#entityName}表达式。

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Integer>{
    @Query(value = "SELECT u FROM #{#entityName} u WHERE u.name like %:name% and u.sex = :sex")
    List<User> findTable4(@Param("name") String name, @Param("sex")String sex);
}

SpEL表达式的好处：

参考网址：https://www.cnblogs.com/tilv37/p/6944182.html

5. Specifications动态构建查询

5.1. 参数介绍

1. Predicate:单独每一条查询条件的详细描述

Predicate[]:多个查询条件的详细描述

1. Root：查询哪个表
2. CriteriaQuery：查询哪些字段，排序是什么
3. CriteriaBuilder：字段之间是什么关系，如何生成一个查询条件，每个查询条件都是什么方式

（1）CriteriaQuery<T>:主要是构建查询条件

distinct、select、where、groupby、having、orderby等

（2）CriteriaBuilder:主要是用来进行一些函数操作

① and

② or

③ between

④ lt（小于）、le（小于等于）、gt（大于）、ge（大于等于）

⑤ not（非）等...

5.2. 代码案例

//where empname like ?  group by wages

@Override
public Page<EmployeeEntity> search1(EmployeeVO employeeVO) throws Exception {
   Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(employeeVO.getPage() - 1, employeeVO.getSize(), Sort.Direction.ASC,"empid");
   Specification<EmployeeEntity> specification = new Specification<EmployeeEntity>() {
      @Override
      public Predicate toPredicate(Root<EmployeeEntity> root, CriteriaQuery<?> criteriaQuery, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
         List<Predicate> list = new ArrayList<>(10);
         if(StringUtils.isNotBlank(employeeVO.getEmpname())){
            list.add(cb.and(
                  cb.like(root.get("empname").as(String.class),"%"+ employeeVO.getEmpname()+"%")
            ));
         }
         Expression<BigDecimal> wages = root.get("wages").as(BigDecimal.class);
         return criteriaQuery.where(list.toArray(new Predicate[list.size()])).groupBy(wages).getRestriction();
         //where empname like ?  group by wages
      }
   };
   Page<EmployeeEntity> stuPage = employeeRepository.findAll(specification, pageable);
   return stuPage;
}

//where empname like ? or deptid=?

@Override
public Page<EmployeeEntity> search2(EmployeeVO employeeVO) throws Exception {
   Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(employeeVO.getPage() - 1, employeeVO.getSize(), Sort.Direction.ASC,"empid");
   Specification<EmployeeEntity> specification = new Specification<EmployeeEntity>() {
      @Override
      public Predicate toPredicate(Root<EmployeeEntity> root, CriteriaQuery<?> criteriaQuery, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
         List<Predicate> list = new ArrayList<>(10);
         if(StringUtils.isNotBlank(employeeVO.getEmpname()) && null != employeeVO.getDeptid()){
            list.add(cb.or(
                  cb.like(root.get("empname").as(String.class),"%"+ employeeVO.getEmpname()+"%"),
                  cb.equal(root.get("deptid").as(Integer.class), employeeVO.getDeptid())
            ));
         }//where empname like ? or deptid=?
         return criteriaQuery.where(list.toArray(new Predicate[list.size()])).getRestriction();
      }
   };
   Page<EmployeeEntity> stuPage = employeeRepository.findAll(specification, pageable);
   return stuPage;
}

//where wages < ?

@Override
public Page<EmployeeEntity> search3(EmployeeVO employeeVO) throws Exception {
   Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(employeeVO.getPage() - 1, employeeVO.getSize(), Sort.Direction.ASC,"empid");
   Specification<EmployeeEntity> specification = new Specification<EmployeeEntity>() {
      @Override
      public Predicate toPredicate(Root<EmployeeEntity> root, CriteriaQuery<?> criteriaQuery, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
         Predicate wages = cb.lt(root.get("wages").as(BigDecimal.class), employeeVO.getWages());
         return criteriaQuery.where(wages).getRestriction();
      }
   };//where wages < ?
   Page<EmployeeEntity> stuPage = employeeRepository.findAll(specification, pageable);
   return stuPage;
}

//where wages between ? and ?

@Override
public Page<EmployeeEntity> search4(EmployeeVO employeeVO){
   Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(employeeVO.getPage() - 1, employeeVO.getSize(), Sort.Direction.ASC,"empid");
   Specification<EmployeeEntity> specification = new Specification<EmployeeEntity>() {
      @Override
      public Predicate toPredicate(Root<EmployeeEntity> root, CriteriaQuery<?> criteriaQuery, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
         Predicate wages = cb.between(root.get("wages").as(BigDecimal.class), employeeVO.getMinWages(), employeeVO.getMaxWages());
         return criteriaQuery.where(wages).getRestriction();
      }
   };//where wages between ? and ?
   Page<EmployeeEntity> stuPage = employeeRepository.findAll(specification, pageable);
   return stuPage;
}

6. JPA Join联表查询

构建表关系如下：

实体类代码展示：

@Entity @Table(name="a") public class AEntity {     @Id     @GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.IDENTITY)     @Column(name="aid",nullable=false)     private Integer aid; @Column(name="aname",nullable=false)     private String aname; 省略set、get方法 }

@Entity @Table(name="b") public class BEntity {     @Id     @GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.IDENTITY)     @Column(name="bid",nullable=false)     private Integer bid; @Column(name="bname",nullable=false)     private String bname; @OneToOne(cascade=CascadeType.ALL) //B是关系的维护端，当删除 b，会级联删除 a     @JoinColumn(name = "aid", referencedColumnName = "aid") //name：关联id，referencedColumnName：A表id     private AEntity aEntity;//A表 省略set、get方法 }

@Entity @Table(name="c") public class CEntity {     @Id     @GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.IDENTITY)     @Column(name="cid",nullable=false)     private Integer cid; @Column(name="cname",nullable=false)     private String cname;     省略set、get方法 }

@Entity @Table(name="d") public class DEntity {     @Id     @GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.IDENTITY)     @Column(name="did",nullable=false)     private Integer did; @Column(name="dname",nullable=false)     private String dname; //可选属性optional=false,表示B不能为空。删除d，不影响b   @ManyToOne(cascade={CascadeType.MERGE,CascadeType.REFRESH},optional=false)     @JoinColumn(name = "bid", referencedColumnName = "bid")//name：关联id，referencedColumnName：B表id     private BEntity bEntity;//B表     //可选属性optional=false,表示C不能为空。删除d，不影响c @ManyToOne(cascade={CascadeType.MERGE,CascadeType.REFRESH},optional=false)     @JoinColumn(name = "cid", referencedColumnName = "cid")//name：关联id，referencedColumnName：C表id     @JsonBackReference     private CEntity cEntity;//C表     省略set、get方法 }

Service层代码展示：

@Override
public Page<DEntity> search(DVO dVO) {
    Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(dVO.getPage() - 1, dVO.getSize(), Sort.Direction.ASC,"did");
    Specification<DEntity> specification = new Specification<DEntity>() {
        @Override
        public Predicate toPredicate(Root<DEntity> root, CriteriaQuery<?> criteriaQuery, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
            List<Predicate> list = new ArrayList<>(10);

//A:B:D 1:1:n  根据D的实体类查询aname
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(dVO.getAname())) {
                Join<AEntity,DEntity> ajoin = root.join("bEntity",JoinType.LEFT);
                list.add(cb.like(ajoin.get("aEntity").get("aname").as(String.class),"%"+ dVO.getAname()+"%"));
            }//select * from d left join b on d.bid=b.bid left join a on b.aid=a.aid where a.aname like "%xxx%"

            //B:D 1:n  根据D的实体类查询bname
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(dVO.getBname())) {
                Join<BEntity,DEntity> ajoin = root.join("bEntity",JoinType.LEFT);
   list.add(cb.like(ajoin.get("bname").as(String.class),"%"+ dVO.getBname()+"%"));
}//select * from d left join b on d.bid=b.bid where b.bname like "%xxx%"

            //C:D 1:n  根据D的实体类查询cname
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(dVO.getCname())) {
                Join<BEntity,DEntity> ajoin = root.join("cEntity",JoinType.LEFT);
                list.add(cb.like(ajoin.get("cname").as(String.class),"%"+ dVO.getCname()+"%"));
            }//select * from d left join c on d.cid=c.cid where c.cname like "%xxx%"

            return criteriaQuery.where(list.toArray(new Predicate[list.size()])).getRestriction();
        }
    };
    Page<DEntity> stuPage = dRepository.findAll(specification, pageable);
    return stuPage;
}