UUID简记

一、概述

wiki上的解释：

A universally unique identifier (UUID) is a 128-bit number used to identify information in computer systems.

128位的UUID也并非没有重复的可能，理论证明这个重复的概率很小近乎为零以至于可以忽略。

UUID规范的表示格式通常用32个16进制字符表示（也就是"0" / "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" / "6" / "7" / "8" / "9" /"a" / "b" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f"这16个字符）。

这32个字符通常被连字符“-”分成5个组（简记为8-4-4-4-12格式），如下：

8a2986cc-256d-470b-bc3d-027113f76553

5个组所表示的含义如下表所示（图表来自wiki）：

UUID record layout

Name	Length (bytes)	Length (hex digits)	Contents
time_low	4	8	integer giving the low 32 bits of the time
time_mid	2	4	integer giving the middle 16 bits of the time
time_hi_and_version	2	4	4-bit "version" in the most significant bits, followed by the high 12 bits of the time
clock_seq_hi_and_res clock_seq_low	2	4	1-3 bit "variant" in the most significant bits, followed by the 13-15 bit clock sequence
node	6	12	the 48-bit node id

其中version代表了UUID按照何种规则产生。UUID有四种版本：

1、Time-based UUID

2、DCE security UUID

3、Name-based UUID

4、Randomly generated UUID

Version 1 UUIDs are generated from a time and a node id (usually the MAC address); version 2 UUIDs are generated from an identifier (usually a group or user id), time, and a node id; versions 3 and 5 produce deterministic UUIDs generated by hashing a namespace identifier and name; and version 4 UUIDs are generated using a random or pseudo-random number.

variant（变体，或者更通俗的理解就是类型，type）代表了UUID的位布局。UUID也有四种变体，除了variant 位的不同，variant 1和variant 2的区别在于存储和传输时，variant 1用网络字节序（大端模式），variant 2用本地字节序（小端模式）。

二、Java中UUID实现

java中提供了UUID类。在UUID类的内部，将128位分两部分存储：最低有效位（64位）leastSigBits和最高有效位（64位）mostSigBits

其文档中对这两部分的位布局做了简单说明，但是这里好像与wiki上面的有点出入，按照wiki的说法，这里应该是variant 1而不是variant 2，并且在randomUUID()中重置variant位时也是重置了2个bit位：10xx，总之这里关注重点即可。

 * <p>The layout of a variant 2 (Leach-Salz) UUID is as follows:
 *
 * The most significant long consists of the following unsigned fields:
 * <pre>
 * 0xFFFFFFFF00000000 time_low
 * 0x00000000FFFF0000 time_mid
 * 0x000000000000F000 version
 * 0x0000000000000FFF time_hi
 * </pre>
 * The least significant long consists of the following unsigned fields:
 * <pre>
 * 0xC000000000000000 variant
 * 0x3FFF000000000000 clock_seq
 * 0x0000FFFFFFFFFFFF node
 * </pre>

UUID通过静态工厂方法产生伪随机的UUID，生成UUID实例的步骤大致如下：

1、产生长度为16的伪随机字节数组

2、重置version位和variant位，4bit的version位重置为0100，2bit的variant位重置为10xx。

3、调用私有构造器UUID(byte[] data)，将步骤2中的随机字节数组的前8字节给mostSigBits，后8字节给leastSigBits，至此，一个UUID实例产生。

    public static UUID randomUUID() {
        SecureRandom ng = numberGenerator;
        if (ng == null) {
            numberGenerator = ng = new SecureRandom();
        }

        byte[] randomBytes = new byte[16];
        ng.nextBytes(randomBytes);
        randomBytes[6]  &= 0x0f;  /* clear version        */
        randomBytes[6]  |= 0x40;  /* set to version 4     */
        randomBytes[8]  &= 0x3f;  /* clear variant        */
        randomBytes[8]  |= 0x80;  /* set to IETF variant  */
        return new UUID(randomBytes);
    }
    private UUID(byte[] data) {
        long msb = 0;
        long lsb = 0;
        assert data.length == 16;
        for (int i=0; i<8; i++)
            msb = (msb << 8) | (data[i] & 0xff);
        for (int i=8; i<16; i++)
            lsb = (lsb << 8) | (data[i] & 0xff);
        this.mostSigBits = msb;
        this.leastSigBits = lsb;
    }

用法如下：

            UUID uuid = UUID.randomUUID();
            System.out.println(uuid.toString());//f2fbeb3c-07e0-41e2-8dd2-1a49e77d6d67
            System.out.println(Long.toHexString(uuid.getMostSignificantBits()));//f2fbeb3c07e041e2
            System.out.println(Long.toHexString(uuid.getLeastSignificantBits()));//8dd21a49e77d6d67

也可以产生version 3的UUID，以传入的字节数组name为参数，通过MD5算法生成长度为16的字节数组，之后的处理过程与上面的类似。

    public static UUID nameUUIDFromBytes(byte[] name) {
        MessageDigest md;
        try {
            md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException nsae) {
            throw new InternalError("MD5 not supported");
        }
        byte[] md5Bytes = md.digest(name);
        md5Bytes[6]  &= 0x0f;  /* clear version        */
        md5Bytes[6]  |= 0x30;  /* set to version 3     */
        md5Bytes[8]  &= 0x3f;  /* clear variant        */
        md5Bytes[8]  |= 0x80;  /* set to IETF variant  */
        return new UUID(md5Bytes);
    }

用法如下：

            UUID uuid = UUID.nameUUIDFromBytes("2018".getBytes());
            System.out.println(uuid.toString());//84ddfb34-126f-33a4-8ee3-8d7044e87276

三、MySQL中的UUID

MySQL中提供了UUID()函数来获取UUID，必要的情况下可以方便地以此充当表的主键。此外，UUID_SHORT()函数返回一个64位的无符号数字。

四、参考资料

1、https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier

2、https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4122#section-4.1

3、https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/miscellaneous-functions.html#function_uuid

4、JDK1.6 src