基于深度学习的文本分类案例：使用LSTM进行情绪分类

Sentiment classification using LSTM

在这个笔记本中，我们将使用LSTM架构在电影评论数据集上训练一个模型来预测评论的情绪。首先，让我们看看什么是LSTM？

LSTM，即长短时记忆，是一种序列神经网络架构，它利用其结构保留了对前一序列的记忆。第一个被引入的序列模型是RNN。但是，很快研究人员发现，RNN并没有保留很多以前序列的记忆。这导致在长文本序列中失去上下文。

为了维护这一背景，LSTM被引入。在LSTM单元中，有一些特殊的结构被称为门和单元状态，它们被改变和维护以保持LSTM中的记忆。要了解这些结构如何工作，请阅读 this blog.

从代码上看，我们正在使用tensorflow和keras来建立模型和训练它。为了进一步了解本项目的代码/概念，我们使用了以下参考资料。

References:

(1) Medium article on keras lstm

(2) Keras embedding layer documentation

(3) Keras example of text classification from scratch

(4) Bi-directional lstm model example

(5) kaggle notebook for text preprocessing

# This Python 3 environment comes with many helpful analytics libraries installed
# It is defined by the kaggle/python Docker image: https://github.com/kaggle/docker-python
# For example, here's several helpful packages to load

import numpy as np # linear algebra
import pandas as pd # data processing, CSV file I/O (e.g. pd.read_csv)

# Input data files are available in the read-only "../input/" directory
# For example, running this (by clicking run or pressing Shift+Enter) will list all files under the input directory

import os
for dirname, _, filenames in os.walk('/kaggle/input'):
    for filename in filenames:
        print(os.path.join(dirname, filename))

# You can write up to 20GB to the current directory (/kaggle/working/) that gets preserved as output when you create a version using "Save & Run All"
# You can also write temporary files to /kaggle/temp/, but they won't be saved outside of the current session

/kaggle/input/sentiment-analysis-on-movie-reviews/sampleSubmission.csv

/kaggle/input/sentiment-analysis-on-movie-reviews/train.tsv.zip

/kaggle/input/sentiment-analysis-on-movie-reviews/test.tsv.zip

train_data = pd.read_csv('/kaggle/input/sentiment-analysis-on-movie-reviews/train.tsv.zip',sep = '\t')
test_data = pd.read_csv('/kaggle/input/sentiment-analysis-on-movie-reviews/train.tsv.zip',sep = '\t')
train_data.head()

	PhraseId	SentenceId	Phrase	Sentiment
0	1	1	A series of escapades demonstrating the adage ...	1
1	2	1	A series of escapades demonstrating the adage ...	2
2	3	1	A series	2
3	4	1	A	2
4	5	1	series	2

train_data = train_data.drop(['PhraseId','SentenceId'],axis = 1)
test_data = test_data.drop(['PhraseId','SentenceId'],axis = 1)

import keras
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense #层lyer
from keras.layers import LSTM
from keras.layers import Activation
from keras.layers import Embedding
from keras.layers import Bidirectional

max_features = 20000  # 只考虑前20千字
maxlen = 200

train_data.head()

	Phrase	Sentiment
0	A series of escapades demonstrating the adage ...	1
1	A series of escapades demonstrating the adage ...	2
2	A series	2
3	A	2
4	series	2

from nltk.corpus import stopwords
import re
# 定义文本清理函数
def text_cleaning(text):
    forbidden_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))#停用词，对于理解文章没有太大意义的词，比如"the"、“an”、“his”、“their”
    if text:
        text = ' '.join(text.split('.'))
        text = re.sub('\/',' ',text)
        text = re.sub(r'\\',' ',text)
        text = re.sub(r'((http)\S+)','',text)
        text = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', re.sub('[^A-Za-z]', ' ', text.strip().lower())).strip()
        text = re.sub(r'\W+', ' ', text.strip().lower()).strip()
        text = [word for word in text.split() if word not in forbidden_words]
        return text
    return []

# 将句子转化为词语列表
train_data['flag'] = 'TRAIN'
test_data['flag'] = 'TEST'
total_docs = pd.concat([train_data,test_data],axis = 0,ignore_index = True)
total_docs['Phrase'] = total_docs['Phrase'].apply(lambda x: ' '.join(text_cleaning(x)))
phrases = total_docs['Phrase'].tolist()
from keras.preprocessing.text import one_hot
vocab_size = 50000
encoded_phrases = [one_hot(d, vocab_size) for d in phrases]
total_docs['Phrase'] = encoded_phrases
train_data = total_docs[total_docs['flag'] == 'TRAIN']
test_data = total_docs[total_docs['flag'] == 'TEST']
x_train = train_data['Phrase']
y_train = train_data['Sentiment']
x_val = test_data['Phrase']
y_val = test_data['Sentiment']

x_train.head()

y_train.unique()

array([1, 2, 3, 4, 0])

tf.keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences()的用法：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_45465526/article/details/109400926)

# 将序列转化为经过填充以后得到的一个长度相同新的序列
x_train = keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(x_train, maxlen=maxlen)
x_val = keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(x_val, maxlen=maxlen)

model = Sequential()
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(None,), dtype="int32")
# 将每个整数嵌入一个128维的向量中
model.add(inputs)
model.add(Embedding(50000, 128))
# 增加2个双向的LSTM
model.add(Bidirectional(LSTM(64, return_sequences=True)))
model.add(Bidirectional(LSTM(64)))
# 添加一个分类器
model.add(Dense(5, activation="sigmoid"))
#model = keras.Model(inputs, outputs)
model.summary()

result:

Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #
=================================================================
embedding (Embedding)        (None, None, 128)         6400000
_________________________________________________________________
bidirectional (Bidirectional (None, None, 128)         98816
_________________________________________________________________
bidirectional_1 (Bidirection (None, 128)               98816
_________________________________________________________________
dense (Dense)                (None, 5)                 645
=================================================================
Total params: 6,598,277
Trainable params: 6,598,277
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

model.compile("adam", "sparse_categorical_crossentropy", metrics=["accuracy"])
model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=30, validation_data=(x_val, y_val))

result:

Epoch 1/30
4877/4877 [==============================] - 562s 115ms/step - loss: 0.9593 - accuracy: 0.6107 - val_loss: 0.7819 - val_accuracy: 0.6798
Epoch 2/30
4877/4877 [==============================] - 520s 107ms/step - loss: 0.7942 - accuracy: 0.6729 - val_loss: 0.7094 - val_accuracy: 0.7114
.....................................................................
Epoch 29/30
4877/4877 [==============================] - 539s 111ms/step - loss: 0.3510 - accuracy: 0.8117 - val_loss: 0.3220 - val_accuracy: 0.8242
Epoch 30/30
4877/4877 [==============================] - 553s 113ms/step - loss: 0.3485 - accuracy: 0.8124 - val_loss: 0.3187 - val_accuracy: 0.8238

<tensorflow.python.keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fa9b82520d0>

model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_val, y_val))

result:

Epoch 1/5
4877/4877 [==============================] - 535s 110ms/step - loss: 0.3477 - accuracy: 0.8128 - val_loss: 0.3193 - val_accuracy: 0.8240
Epoch 2/5
4877/4877 [==============================] - 543s 111ms/step - loss: 0.3457 - accuracy: 0.8134 - val_loss: 0.3173 - val_accuracy: 0.8250
Epoch 3/5
4877/4877 [==============================] - 542s 111ms/step - loss: 0.3428 - accuracy: 0.8140 - val_loss: 0.3158 - val_accuracy: 0.8254
Epoch 4/5
4877/4877 [==============================] - 541s 111ms/step - loss: 0.3429 - accuracy: 0.8144 - val_loss: 0.3165 - val_accuracy: 0.8257
Epoch 5/5
4877/4877 [==============================] - 557s 114ms/step - loss: 0.3395 - accuracy: 0.8150 - val_loss: 0.3136 - val_accuracy: 0.8259

<tensorflow.python.keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fa8e0763150>

总之，我们创建了一个双向的LSTM模型，并对其进行了检测情感的训练。我们达到了80%的训练和82%的验证准确率。

Notebook code：https://www.kaggle.com/code/shyambhu/sentiment-classification-using-lstm

原创作者：孤飞-博客园

个人博客：https://blog.onefly.top