Tornado(1)

概述

Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp，不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境，这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具 和优化。

Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架（包括大多数 Python 的框架）有着明显的区别：它是非阻塞式服务器，而且速度相当快。得利于其 非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用，Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接，这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说，Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。（关于如何扩容 服务器，以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题，请参阅 C10K problem。）

下载安装：

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pip3 install tornado   源码安装 https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz

总结：

总结：
首先可以把多个socket放在一个列表中，循环监听
1.对于tornado异步非阻塞条件：
由tornado帮客户端再一次发一个【IO】请求，才能有异步非阻塞
2.实现原理：
创建好服务端后，监听自己的socket,有客户端链接时，再加上监听客户端的socket,帮客户端发送请求时，会相当于在创建一个客户端socket（服务端socket是帮用户要请求的，如百度），
那么此时的监听的列表 [ 自己的sk,客户端的sk,帮客户端创建的sk]

3.tornado是使用了一个Future对象，来存储每一个帮客户端发送的请求的状态，以及请求的返回值：

视图Handler里面的yeild的就是一个Future对象，这个对象里面存是帮这个客户端发送请求的状态及返回值，（实例化的时候会把这个客户端对应的回调函数传进去，保证了每一个客户端请求回来的结果可以真确的交给相对应的回调函数）

4.tornado中把每一个客户端来的请求生成的Future对象，存在一个列表中，然后死循环这个列表，监听每一个Future对象里面的状态(self.done，该值默认为False,)，当请求结果回来时，就会自动修改这个状态（在函数中self.set_result()）设置了self.done=True，当这个状态发送变化时，就去那个监听sk的列表中，取出对应的那个客户端的sk，把值返回回去。

框架使用

一、快速上手

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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-     import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web         class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):     def get(self):         self.write("Hello, world")     application = tornado.web.Application([     (r"/index", MainHandler), ])         if __name__ == "__main__":     application.listen(8888)     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

执行过程：

• 第一步：执行脚本，监听 8888 端口
• 第二步：浏览器客户端访问 /index  -->  http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
• 第三步：服务器接受请求，并交由对应的类处理该请求
• 第四步：类接受到请求之后，根据请求方式（post / get / delete ...）的不同调用并执行相应的方法
• 第五步：方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

from tornado import httpclient

from tornado.web import asynchronous

from tornado import gen

import uimodules as md

import uimethods as mt

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

@asynchronous

@gen.coroutine

def get(self):

print 'start get '

http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()

http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback)

self.write('end')
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> callback(self, response):
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;"> response.body

settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

'static_path': 'static',

'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

'ui_methods': mt,

'ui_modules': md,

}
application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

], **settings)
if name == "main":

application.listen(8009)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

异步非阻塞示例

二、路由系统

路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系，这里不同于其他框架，其他很多框架均是 url 对应 函数，Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。

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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-     import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web         class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):     def get(self):         self.write("Hello, world")     class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):     def get(self, story_id):         self.write("You requested the story " + story_id)     class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):     def get(self):         self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index")     application = tornado.web.Application([     (r"/index", MainHandler),     (r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler), ])     application.add_handlers('buy.wupeiqi.com$', [     (r'/index',BuyHandler), ])     if __name__ == "__main__":     application.listen(80)     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Tornado中原生支持二级域名的路由，如：

三、模板引擎

Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似，模板引擎将模板文件载入内存，然后将数据嵌入其中，最终获取到一个完整的字符串，再将字符串返回给请求者。

Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”，控制语句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}。表达语句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起来的，例如 {{ items[0] }}。

控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if、for、while 和 try，这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %} 做标记。还通过 extends 和 block 语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template 模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。

注：在使用模板前需要在setting中设置模板路径："template_path" : "tpl"

1、基本使用

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):

self.render("index.html", list_info = [11,22,33])

application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

])

if name == "main":

application.listen(8888)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

app.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>老男孩</title>
    <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
&lt;div&gt;
    &lt;ul&gt;<span style="color: #000000;">
        {</span>% <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> item <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span> list_info %<span style="color: #000000;">}
            </span>&lt;li&gt;{{item}}&lt;/li&gt;<span style="color: #000000;">
        {</span>% end %<span style="color: #000000;">}
    </span>&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script src=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">{{static_url(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">)}}</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>&gt;&lt;/script&gt;

</body>

</html>

index.html

在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用：

escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名

xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名

url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名

json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名

squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名

linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名

datetime: Python 的 datetime 模组

handler: 当前的 RequestHandler 对象

request: handler.request 的別名

current_user: handler.current_user 的別名

locale: handler.locale 的別名

_: handler.locale.translate 的別名

static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名

xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名

其他方法

2、母版

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>老男孩</title>
    <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
    {% block CSS %}{% end %}
</head>
<body>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="pg-header"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;/</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #000000;">

{% block RenderBody %}{% end %}

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #800000;">script </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">src</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="{{static_url("</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;&lt;/</span><span style="color: #800000;">script</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #000000;">

{% block JavaScript %}{% end %}

</body>

</html>

layout.html

{% extends 'layout.html'%}
{% block CSS %}
    <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% end %}

{% block RenderBody %}

<h1>Index</h1>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #800000;">ul</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #000000;">
{%  for item in li %}
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span>{{item}}<span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;/</span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #000000;">
{% end %}
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;/</span><span style="color: #800000;">ul</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #000000;">

{% end %}
{% block JavaScript %}
{% end %}

index.html

3、导入

<div>
    <ul>
        <li>1024</li>
        <li>42区</li>
    </ul>
</div>

header.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>老男孩</title>
    <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="pg-header"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    {% include 'header.html' %}
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;/</span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">&lt;</span><span style="color: #800000;">script </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">src</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="{{static_url("</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;&lt;/</span><span style="color: #800000;">script</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">&gt;</span>

</body>

</html>

index.html

4、自定义UIMethod以UIModule

a. 定义

# uimethods.py

def tab(self):

return 'UIMethod'

uimethods.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escape

class custom(UIModule):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> render(self, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> escape.xhtml_escape(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">&lt;h1&gt;wupeiqi&lt;/h1&gt;</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;">return escape.xhtml_escape('&lt;h1&gt;wupeiqi&lt;/h1&gt;')</span></pre>

uimodules.py

b. 注册

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

from tornado.escape import linkify

import uimodules as md

import uimethods as mt

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):

self.render('index.html')

settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

'static_path': 'static',

'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

'ui_methods': mt,

'ui_modules': md,

}

application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

], **settings)

if name == "main":

application.listen(8009)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

c. 使用

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>hello</h1>
    {% module custom(123) %}
    {{ tab() }}
</body>

四、静态文件

对于静态文件，可以配置静态文件的目录和前段使用时的前缀，并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):

self.render('home/index.html')

settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

'static_path': 'static',

'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

}

application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

], **settings)

if name == "main":

application.listen(80)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

app.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>hello</h1>
</body>
</html>

index.html

注：静态文件缓存的实现

    def get_content_version(cls, abspath):
        """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path.
    This class method may be overridden by subclasses.  The
    default implementation is a hash of the file's contents.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    data </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> cls.get_content(abspath)
    hasher </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> hashlib.md5()
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(data, bytes):
        hasher.update(data)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> chunk <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> data:
            hasher.update(chunk)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> hasher.hexdigest()</pre>

五、cookie

Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作，并且还可以对cookie进行签名以放置伪造。

1、基本操作

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):
            self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
            self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
        else:
            self.write("Your cookie was set!")

2、加密cookie（签名）

Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息，你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。 要使用这些方法，你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥，名字为 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中：

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):
            self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
            self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
        else:
            self.write("Your cookie was set!")

application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/", MainHandler),

], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")

def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):
    hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
    for part in parts:
        hash.update(utf8(part))
    return utf8(hash.hexdigest())

# 加密

def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):

hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)

hash.update(utf8(s))

return utf8(hash.hexdigest())

def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,

key_version=None):

if version is None:

version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION

if clock is None:

clock = time.time
timestamp </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> utf8(str(int(clock())))
value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> base64.b64encode(utf8(value))
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> version == 1<span style="color: #000000;">:
    signature </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)
    value </span>= b<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">|</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">.join([value, timestamp, signature])
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> value
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">elif</span> version == 2<span style="color: #000000;">:
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> signature, all separated by pipes.  All numbers are in</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> decimal format with no leading zeros.  The signature is an</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> the final pipe.</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#

# The fields are:

# - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)

# - key version (integer, default is 0)

# - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)

# - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)

# - value (base64-encoded)

# - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)

def format_field(s):

return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)

to_sign = b"|".join([

b"",

format_field(str(key_version or 0)),

format_field(timestamp),

format_field(name),

format_field(value),

b''])
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(secret, dict):
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">assert</span> key_version <span style="color: #0000ff;">is</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span> None, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">Key version must be set when sign key dict is used</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;">assert</span> version &gt;= 2, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">Version must be at least 2 for key version support</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        secret </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> secret[key_version]

    signature </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> to_sign +<span style="color: #000000;"> signature
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> ValueError(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">Unsupported version %d</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> version)

# 解密

def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):

parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")

if len(parts) != 3:

return None

signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])

if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):

gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)

return None

timestamp = int(parts[1])

if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:

gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)

return None

if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:

# _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the

# parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing

# digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the

# signature.  For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp

# here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.

gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",

value)

return None

if parts[1].startswith(b""):

gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)

return None

try:

return base64.b64decode(parts[0])

except Exception:

return None
def _decode_fields_v2(value):

def _consume_field(s):

length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')

n = int(length)

field_value = rest[:n]

# In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must

# use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.

if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':

raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")

rest = rest[n + 1:]

return field_value, rest
rest </span>= value[2:]  <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> remove version number</span>
key_version, rest =<span style="color: #000000;"> _consume_field(rest)
timestamp, rest </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> _consume_field(rest)
name_field, rest </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> _consume_field(rest)
value_field, passed_sig </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> _consume_field(rest)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig

def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):

try:

key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)

except ValueError:

return None

signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(secret, dict):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">try</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        secret </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> secret[key_version]
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">except</span><span style="color: #000000;"> KeyError:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None

expected_sig </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> name_field !=<span style="color: #000000;"> utf8(name):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None
timestamp </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> int(timestamp)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> timestamp &lt; clock() - max_age_days * 86400<span style="color: #000000;">:
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> The signature has expired.</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">try</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> base64.b64decode(value_field)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">except</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Exception:
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None

def get_signature_key_version(value):

value = utf8(value)

version = _get_version(value)

if version < 2:

return None

try:

key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)

except ValueError:

return None
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> key_version</pre>

内部算法

签名Cookie的本质是：

写cookie过程：

• 将值进行base64加密
• 对除值以外的内容进行签名，哈希算法（无法逆向解析）
• 拼接 签名 + 加密值

读cookie过程：

• 读取 签名 + 加密值
• 对签名进行验证
• base64解密，获取值内容

注：许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get(self):
    login_user </span>= self.get_secure_cookie(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">login_user</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">, None)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> login_user:
        self.write(login_user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        self.redirect(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">/login</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):

self.current_user()
    self.render(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">login.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, **{<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">status</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">})

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):

    username </span>= self.get_argument(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">name</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    password </span>= self.get_argument(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">pwd</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> username == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">wupeiqi</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">and</span> password == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">123</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        self.set_secure_cookie(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">login_user</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">武沛齐</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
        self.redirect(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">/</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        self.render(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">login.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, **{<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">status</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户名或密码错误</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">})

settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

'static_path': 'static',

'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'

}
application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

(r"/login", LoginHandler),

], **settings)
if name == "main":

application.listen(8888)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

基于Cookie实现用户验证-Demo

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_current_user(self):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> self.get_secure_cookie(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">login_user</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

class MainHandler(BaseHandler):
@tornado.web.authenticated
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get(self):
    login_user </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.current_user
    self.write(login_user)

class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):

self.current_user()
    self.render(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">login.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, **{<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">status</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">})

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):

    username </span>= self.get_argument(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">name</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    password </span>= self.get_argument(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">pwd</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> username == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">wupeiqi</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">and</span> password == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">123</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        self.set_secure_cookie(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">login_user</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">武沛齐</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
        self.redirect(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">/</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        self.render(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">login.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, **{<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">status</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">用户名或密码错误</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">})

settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

'static_path': 'static',

'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',

'login_url': '/login'

}
application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

(r"/login", LoginHandler),

], **settings)
if name == "main":

application.listen(8888)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

基于签名Cookie实现用户验证-Demo

3、JavaScript操作Cookie

由于Cookie保存在浏览器端，所以在浏览器端也可以使用JavaScript来操作Cookie。

?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

/* 设置cookie，指定秒数过期  */ function setCookie(name,value,expires){     var temp = [];     var current_date = new Date();     current_date.setSeconds(current_date.getSeconds() + 5);     document.cookie = name + "= "+ value +";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString(); }

对于参数：

• domain   指定域名下的cookie
• path       域名下指定url中的cookie
• secure    https使用

注：jQuery中也有指定的插件 jQuery Cookie 专门用于操作cookie，猛击这里

六、CSRF

Tornado中的夸张请求伪造和Django中的相似，跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)

settings = {
    "xsrf_cookies": True,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/", MainHandler),
    (r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)

配置

<form action="/new_message" method="post">
  {{ xsrf_form_html() }}
  <input type="text" name="message"/>
  <input type="submit" value="Post"/>
</form>

使用 - 普通表单

function getCookie(name) {
    var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b");
    return r ? r[1] : undefined;
}

jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) {

args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf");

$.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST",

success: function(response) {

callback(eval("(" + response + ")"));

}});

};

使用 - AJAX

注：Ajax使用时，本质上就是去获取本地的cookie，携带cookie再来发送请求

七、上传文件

1、Form表单上传

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>上传文件</title>
</head>
<body>
    <form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST"  enctype="multipart/form-data" >
        <input name="fff" id="my_file"  type="file" />
        <input type="submit" value="提交"  />
    </form>
</body>
</html>

HTML

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):
    self.render(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">index.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    file_metas </span>= self.request.files[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">fff</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> print(file_metas)</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> meta <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> file_metas:
        file_name </span>= meta[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">filename</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
        with open(file_name,</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">wb</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">) as up:
            up.write(meta[</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">])

settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

}
application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

], **settings)
if name == "main":

application.listen(8000)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Python

2、AJAX上传

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <input type="file" id="img" />
    <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
    <script>
        function UploadFile(){
            var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0];
        var form </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> new FormData();
        form.append(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">k1</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">v1</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
        form.append(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">fff</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">, fileObj);

        var xhr </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> new XMLHttpRequest();
        xhr.open(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">post</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">/index</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, true);
        xhr.send(form);
    }
</span>&lt;/script&gt;

</body>

</html>

HTML - XMLHttpRequest

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <input type="file" id="img" />
    <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
    <script>
        function UploadFile(){
            var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0];
            var form = new FormData();
            form.append("k1", "v1");
            form.append("fff", fileObj);
        $.ajax({
            type:</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">,
            url: </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">/index</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">,
            data: form,
            processData: false,  </span>// tell jQuery <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> to process the data
            contentType: false,  </span>// tell jQuery <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> to set contentType
            success: function(arg){
                console.log(arg);
            }
        })
    }
</span>&lt;/script&gt;

</body>

</html>

HTML - jQuery

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST"  enctype="multipart/form-data" >
        <div id="main">
            <input name="fff" id="my_file"  type="file" />
            <input type="button" name="action" value="Upload" onclick="redirect()"/>
            <iframe id='my_iframe' name='my_iframe' src=""  class="hide"></iframe>
        </div>
    </form>
&lt;script&gt;<span style="color: #000000;">
    function redirect(){
        document.getElementById(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">my_iframe</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>).onload =<span style="color: #000000;"> Testt;
        document.getElementById(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">my_form</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>).target = <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">my_iframe</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">;
        document.getElementById(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">my_form</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">).submit();

    }

    function Testt(ths){
        var t </span>= $(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">#my_iframe</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>).contents().find(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">).text();
        console.log(t);
    }
</span>&lt;/script&gt;

</body>

</html>

HTML - iframe

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):
    self.render(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">index.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    file_metas </span>= self.request.files[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">fff</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> print(file_metas)</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> meta <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> file_metas:
        file_name </span>= meta[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">filename</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
        with open(file_name,</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">wb</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">) as up:
            up.write(meta[</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">])

settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

}
application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

], **settings)
if name == "main":

application.listen(8000)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Python

<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function () {

    $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">#formsubmit</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">).click(function () {

        var iframe </span>= $(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">&lt;iframe name="postiframe" id="postiframe" style="display: none"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">);

        $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">).append(iframe);

        var form </span>= $(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">#theuploadform</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
        form.attr(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">action</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">/upload.aspx</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
        form.attr(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">method</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">post</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);

        form.attr(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">encoding</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">multipart/form-data</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
        form.attr(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">enctype</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">multipart/form-data</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);

        form.attr(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">target</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">postiframe</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
        form.attr(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">file</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, $(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">#userfile</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">).val());
        form.submit();

        $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">#postiframe</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">).load(function () {
            iframeContents </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> this.contentWindow.document.body.innerHTML;
            $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">#textarea</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">).html(iframeContents);
        });

        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> false;

    });

});

</script>
<form id="theuploadform">

<input id="userfile" name="userfile" size="" type="file" />

<input id="formsubmit" type="submit" value="Send File" />

</form>
<div id="textarea">

</div>

扩展：基于iframe实现Ajax上传示例

 $('#upload_iframe').load(function(){
                    var iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerText;
                    iframeContents = JSON.parse(iframeContents);
            })</span></pre>

function bindChangeAvatar1() {
            $('#avatarImg').change(function () {
                var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0];
                $('#prevViewImg')[0].src = window.URL.createObjectURL(file_obj)
            })
        }
    function bindChangeAvatar2() {
        $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">#avatarImg</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">).change(function () {
            var file_obj </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> $(this)[0].files[0];
            var reader </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> new FileReader();
            reader.readAsDataURL(file_obj);
            reader.onload </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> function (e) {
                $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">#previewImg</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>)[0].src =<span style="color: #000000;"> this.result;
            };
        })
    }

    function bindChangeAvatar3() {
        $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">#avatarImg</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">).change(function () {
            var file_obj </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> $(this)[0].files[0];
            var form </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> new FormData();
            form.add(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">img_upload</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, file_obj);

            $.ajax({
                url: </span><span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">,
                data: form,
                processData: false,  </span>// tell jQuery <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> to process the data
                contentType: false,  </span>// tell jQuery <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> to set contentType
                success: function (arg) {

                }
            })
        })
    }

    function bindChangeAvatar4() {
        $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">#avatarImg</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">).change(function () {
            $(this).parent().submit();

            $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">#upload_iframe</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">).load(function () {
                var iframeContents </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> this.contentWindow.document.body.innerText;
                iframeContents </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> JSON.parse(iframeContents);
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> (iframeContents.status) {
                    $(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">#previewImg</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>).attr(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">src</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">/</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> +<span style="color: #000000;"> iframeContents.data);
                }
            })

        })
    }</span></pre>

其他

八、验证码

验证码原理在于后台自动创建一张带有随机内容的图片，然后将内容通过img标签输出到页面。

安装图像处理模块：

?

1	pip3 install pillow

示例截图：

验证码Demo源码下载：猛击这里

九、异步非阻塞

1、基本使用

装饰器 + Future 从而实现Tornado的异步非阻塞

?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):       @gen.coroutine     def get(self):         future = Future()         future.add_done_callback(self.doing)         yield future         # 或         # tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_future(future,self.doing)         # yield future       def doing(self,*args, **kwargs):         self.write('async')         self.finish()

当发送GET请求时，由于方法被@gen.coroutine装饰且yield 一个 Future对象，那么Tornado会等待，等待用户向future对象中放置数据或者发送信号，如果获取到数据或信号之后，就开始执行doing方法。

异步非阻塞体现在当在Tornaod等待用户向future对象中放置数据时，还可以处理其他请求。

注意：在等待用户向future对象中放置数据或信号时，此连接是不断开的。

2、同步阻塞和异步非阻塞对比

class SyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get(self):
    self.doing()
    self.write(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">sync</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> doing(self):
    time.sleep(</span>10)</pre>

同步阻塞

class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    @gen.coroutine
    def get(self):
        future = Future()
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_timeout(time.time() + 5, self.doing)
        yield future
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> doing(self, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    self.write(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">async</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    self.finish()</span></pre>

异步非阻塞

3、httpclient类库

Tornado提供了httpclient类库用于发送Http请求，其配合Tornado的异步非阻塞使用。

?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-     import tornado.web from tornado import gen from tornado import httpclient   # 方式一： class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):     @gen.coroutine     def get(self, *args, **kwargs):         print('进入')         http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()         data = yield http.fetch("http://www.google.com")         print('完事',data)         self.finish('6666')   # 方式二： # class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): #     @gen.coroutine #     def get(self): #         print('进入') #         http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() #         yield http.fetch("http://www.google.com", self.done) # #     def done(self, response): #         print('完事') #         self.finish('666')       application = tornado.web.Application([     (r"/async", AsyncHandler), ])   if __name__ == "__main__":     application.listen(8888)     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
需要先安装支持异步操作Mysql的类库：
    Tornado-MySQL： https://github.com/PyMySQL/Tornado-MySQL#installation
pip3 install Tornado-MySQL

"""
import tornado.web

from tornado import gen
import tornado_mysql

from tornado_mysql import pools
POOL = pools.Pool(

dict(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='cmdb'),

max_idle_connections=1,

max_recycle_sec=3)
@gen.coroutine

def get_user_by_conn_pool(user):

cur = yield POOL.execute("SELECT SLEEP(%s)", (user,))

row = cur.fetchone()

raise gen.Return(row)
@gen.coroutine

def get_user(user):

conn = yield tornado_mysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='', db='cmdb',

charset='utf8')

cur = conn.cursor()

# yield cur.execute("SELECT name,email FROM web_models_userprofile where name=%s", (user,))

yield cur.execute("select sleep(10)")

row = cur.fetchone()

cur.close()

conn.close()

raise gen.Return(row)
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self, *args, **kwargs):

self.render('login.html')
@gen.coroutine
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> post(self, *args, **<span style="color: #000000;">kwargs):
    user </span>= self.get_argument(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">user</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    data </span>= <span style="color: #0000ff;">yield</span><span style="color: #000000;"> gen.Task(get_user, user)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> data:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(data)
        self.redirect(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">http://www.oldboyedu.com</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        self.render(</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">login.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/login", LoginHandler),

])
if name == "main":

application.listen(8888)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

基于异步非阻塞和Tornado-MySQL实现用户登录示例

自定义Web组件

一、Session

1、面向对象基础

面向对象中通过索引的方式访问对象，需要内部实现 __getitem__ 、__delitem__、__setitem__方法

+?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-     class Foo(object):         def __getitem__(self, key):         print  '__getitem__',key         def __setitem__(self, key, value):         print '__setitem__',key,value         def __delitem__(self, key):         print '__delitem__',key             obj = Foo() result = obj['k1'] #obj['k2'] = 'wupeiqi' #del obj['k1']

2、Tornado扩展

Tornado框架中，默认执行Handler的get/post等方法之前默认会执行 initialize方法，所以可以通过自定义的方式使得所有请求在处理前执行操作...

+?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):         def initialize(self):         self.xxoo = "wupeiqi"         class MainHandler(BaseHandler):         def get(self):         print(self.xxoo)         self.write('index')   class IndexHandler(BaseHandler):         def get(self):         print(self.xxoo)         self.write('index')

3、session

session其实就是定义在服务器端用于保存用户回话的容器，其必须依赖cookie才能实现。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import config
from hashlib import sha1
import os
import time

create_session_id = lambda: sha1(bytes('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time()), encoding='utf-8')).hexdigest()

class SessionFactory:
@staticmethod
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_session_obj(handler):
    obj </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> None

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> config.SESSION_TYPE == <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">cache</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        obj </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> CacheSession(handler)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">elif</span> config.SESSION_TYPE == <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">memcached</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        obj </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> MemcachedSession(handler)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">elif</span> config.SESSION_TYPE == <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">redis</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        obj </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> RedisSession(handler)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> obj

class CacheSession:

session_container = {}

session_id = "sessionId"
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, handler):
    self.handler </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> handler
    client_random_str </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> handler.get_cookie(CacheSession.session_id, None)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> client_random_str <span style="color: #0000ff;">and</span> client_random_str <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> CacheSession.session_container:
        self.random_str </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> client_random_str
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        self.random_str </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> create_session_id()
        CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str] </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> {}

    expires_time </span>= time.time() +<span style="color: #000000;"> config.SESSION_EXPIRES
    handler.set_cookie(CacheSession.session_id, self.random_str, expires</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">expires_time)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__getitem__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, key):
    ret </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str].get(key, None)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ret

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__setitem__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, key, value):
    CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str][key] </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> value

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__delitem__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, key):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> key <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str]:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">del</span><span style="color: #000000;"> CacheSession.session_container[self.random_str][key]

class RedisSession:

def init(self, handler):

pass
class MemcachedSession:

def init(self, handler):

pass

自定义Session

4、分布式Session

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8

import sys

import math

from bisect import bisect

if sys.version_info >= (2, 5):

import hashlib

md5_constructor = hashlib.md5

else:

import md5

md5_constructor = md5.new

class HashRing(object):

"""一致性哈希"""
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self,nodes):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #800000;">初始化
    nodes : 初始化的节点，其中包含节点已经节点对应的权重
            默认每一个节点有32个虚拟节点
            对于权重，通过多创建虚拟节点来实现
            如：nodes = [
                    {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},
                    {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},
                    {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},
                ]
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #000000;">

    self.ring </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> dict()
    self._sorted_keys </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> []

    self.total_weight </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> 0

    self.</span><span style="color: #800080;">__generate_circle</span><span style="color: #000000;">(nodes)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__generate_circle</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self,nodes):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> node_info <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> nodes:
        self.total_weight </span>+= node_info.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">weight</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>,1<span style="color: #000000;">)

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> node_info <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> nodes:
        weight </span>= node_info.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">weight</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>,1<span style="color: #000000;">)
        node </span>= node_info.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">host</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">,None)

        virtual_node_count </span>= math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) /<span style="color: #000000;"> self.total_weight)
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> i <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):
            key </span>= self.gen_key_thirty_two( <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s-%s</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> (node, i) )
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self._sorted_keys.<span style="color: #800080;">__contains__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(key):
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">该节点已经存在.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
            self.ring[key] </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> node
            self._sorted_keys.append(key)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> add_node(self,node):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #800000;"> 新建节点
    node : 要添加的节点，格式为：{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}，其中第一个元素表示节点，第二个元素表示该节点的权重。
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    node </span>= node.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">host</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">,None)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> node:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">节点的地址不能为空.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

    weight </span>= node.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">weight</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>,1<span style="color: #000000;">)

    self.total_weight </span>+=<span style="color: #000000;"> weight
    nodes_count </span>= len(self._sorted_keys) + 1<span style="color: #000000;">

    virtual_node_count </span>= math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) /<span style="color: #000000;"> self.total_weight)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> i <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):
        key </span>= self.gen_key_thirty_two( <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s-%s</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> (node, i) )
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self._sorted_keys.<span style="color: #800080;">__contains__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(key):
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">该节点已经存在.</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
        self.ring[key] </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> node
        self._sorted_keys.append(key)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> remove_node(self,node):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #800000;"> 移除节点
    node : 要移除的节点 '127.0.0.1:8000'
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> key,value <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> self.ring.items():
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> value ==<span style="color: #000000;"> node:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">del</span><span style="color: #000000;"> self.ring[key]
            self._sorted_keys.remove(key)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_node(self,string_key):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #800000;">获取 string_key 所在的节点</span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    pos </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.get_node_pos(string_key)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> pos <span style="color: #0000ff;">is</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">:</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_node_pos(self,string_key):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #800000;">获取 string_key 所在的节点的索引</span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> self.ring:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None

    key </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key)
    nodes </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self._sorted_keys
    pos </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> bisect(nodes, key)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> pos

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> gen_key_thirty_two(self, key):

    m </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> md5_constructor()
    m.update(key)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> long(m.hexdigest(), 16<span style="color: #000000;">)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> gen_key_sixteen(self,key):

    b_key </span>= self.<span style="color: #800080;">__hash_digest</span><span style="color: #000000;">(key)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> self.<span style="color: #800080;">__hash_val</span>(b_key, <span style="color: #0000ff;">lambda</span><span style="color: #000000;"> x: x)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__hash_val</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, b_key, entry_fn):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] &lt;&lt; 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] &lt;&lt; 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] &lt;&lt; 8)|<span style="color: #000000;"> b_key[entry_fn(0)] )

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__hash_digest</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, key):
    m </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> md5_constructor()
    m.update(key)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> map(ord, m.digest())

"""

nodes = [

{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},

{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},

{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},

]
ring = HashRing(nodes)

result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087')

print result
"""

一致性哈西

from hashlib import sha1
import os, time

create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()

class Session(object):
session_id </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">__sessionId__</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, request):
    session_value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> session_value:
        self._id </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> create_session_id()
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        self._id </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> session_value
    request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__getitem__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, key):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 根据 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 找到相对应的redis服务器，如： r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 使用python redis api 链接</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取数据，即：</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> return self._redis.hget(self._id, name)</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__setitem__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, key, value):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 根据 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 使用python redis api 链接</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 设置session</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value)</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__delitem__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, key):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 根据 self._id 找到相对应的redis服务器</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 使用python redis api 链接</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 删除，即：</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)</pre>

session

二、表单验证

在Web程序中往往包含大量的表单验证的工作，如：判断输入是否为空，是否符合规则。

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>hello</h1>
    <form action="/index" method="post">
    &lt;p&gt;hostname: &lt;input type=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">text</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> name=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">host</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;ip: &lt;input type=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">text</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> name=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">ip</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;port: &lt;input type=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">text</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> name=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">port</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;phone: &lt;input type=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">text</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> name=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">phone</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;input type=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">submit</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> /&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;

</body>

</html>

HTML

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

from hashlib import sha1

import os, time

import re

class MainForm(object):

def init(self):

self.host = "(.*)"

self.ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}\(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        self.port </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">(\d+)</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">
        self.phone </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}\)'
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> check_valid(self, request):
    form_dict </span>= self.<span style="color: #800080;">__dict__</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> key, regular <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> form_dict.items():
        post_value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> request.get_argument(key)
        </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配</span>
        ret =<span style="color: #000000;"> re.match(regular, post_value)
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;"> key,ret,post_value

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):

self.render('index.html')

def post(self, *args, **kwargs):

obj = MainForm()

result = obj.check_valid(self)

self.write('ok')
settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

'static_path': 'static',

'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',

'login_url': '/login'

}
application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

], **settings)
if name == "main":

application.listen(8888)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Python

由于验证规则可以代码重用，所以可以如此定义：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop

import tornado.web

import re

class Field(object):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, error_msg_dict, required):
    self.id_valid </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> False
    self.value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> None
    self.error </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> None
    self.name </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> None
    self.error_msg </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> error_msg_dict
    self.required </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> required

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> match(self, name, value):
    self.name </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> name

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> self.required:
        self.id_valid </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> True
        self.value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> value
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> value:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self.error_msg.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, None):
                self.error </span>= self.error_msg[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                self.error </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s is required</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> name
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
            ret </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> re.match(self.REGULAR, value)
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ret:
                self.id_valid </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> True
                self.value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> ret.group()
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self.error_msg.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, None):
                    self.error </span>= self.error_msg[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                    self.error </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s is invalid</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> name

class IPField(Field):

REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span>(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=<span style="color: #000000;">True):

    error_msg </span>= {}  <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> error_msg_dict:
        error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)

    super(IPField, self).</span><span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span>(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=<span style="color: #000000;">required)

class IntegerField(Field):

REGULAR = "^\d+$"
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span>(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=<span style="color: #000000;">True):
    error_msg </span>= {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">数字不能为空</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">数字格式错误</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">}
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> error_msg_dict:
        error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)

    super(IntegerField, self).</span><span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span>(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=<span style="color: #000000;">required)

class CheckBoxField(Field):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span>(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=<span style="color: #000000;">True):
    error_msg </span>= {}  <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> error_msg_dict:
        error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)

    super(CheckBoxField, self).</span><span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span>(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=<span style="color: #000000;">required)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> match(self, name, value):
    self.name </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> name

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> self.required:
        self.id_valid </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> True
        self.value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> value
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> value:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self.error_msg.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, None):
                self.error </span>= self.error_msg[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                self.error </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s is required</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> name
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(name, list):
                self.id_valid </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> True
                self.value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> value
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self.error_msg.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, None):
                    self.error </span>= self.error_msg[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                    self.error </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s is invalid</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> name

class FileField(Field):

REGULAR = "^(\w+.pdf)|(\w+.mp3)|(\w+.py)$"
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span>(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=<span style="color: #000000;">True):
    error_msg </span>= {}  <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'}</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> error_msg_dict:
        error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)

    super(FileField, self).</span><span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span>(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=<span style="color: #000000;">required)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> match(self, name, value):
    self.name </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> name
    self.value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> []
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> self.required:
        self.id_valid </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> True
        self.value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> value
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">not</span><span style="color: #000000;"> value:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self.error_msg.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, None):
                self.error </span>= self.error_msg[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                self.error </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s is required</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> name
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
            m </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> re.compile(self.REGULAR)
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(value, list):
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> file_name <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> value:
                    r </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> m.match(file_name)
                    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> r:
                        self.value.append(r.group())
                        self.id_valid </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> True
                    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                        self.id_valid </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> False
                        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self.error_msg.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, None):
                            self.error </span>= self.error_msg[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
                        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                            self.error </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s is invalid</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> name
                        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">break</span>
            <span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> self.error_msg.get(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, None):
                    self.error </span>= self.error_msg[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">valid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                    self.error </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s is invalid</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> name

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> save(self, request, upload_path=<span style="color: #800000;">""</span><span style="color: #000000;">):

    file_metas </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> request.files[self.name]
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> meta <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> file_metas:
        file_name </span>= meta[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">filename</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
        with open(file_name,</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">wb</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">) as up:
            up.write(meta[</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">body</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">])

class Form(object):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self):
    self.value_dict </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> {}
    self.error_dict </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> {}
    self.valid_status </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> True

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=<span style="color: #800000;">""</span><span style="color: #000000;">):

    self.initialize()
    self.</span><span style="color: #800080;">__valid</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, request, depth, pre_key)

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> initialize(self):
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>

<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__valid</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key):
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #800000;">
    验证用户表单请求的数据
    :param form_obj: Form对象（Form派生类的对象）
    :param request: Http请求上下文（用于从请求中获取用户提交的值）
    :param depth: 对Form内容的深度的支持
    :param pre_key: Html中name属性值的前缀（多层Form时，内部递归时设置，无需理会）
    :return: 是否验证通过，True：验证成功；False：验证失败
    </span><span style="color: #800000;">"""</span><span style="color: #000000;">

    depth </span>-= 1
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> depth &lt;<span style="color: #000000;"> 0:
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> None
    form_field_dict </span>= form_obj.<span style="color: #800080;">__dict__</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> key, field_obj <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> form_field_dict.items():
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;"> key,field_obj
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> isinstance(field_obj, Form) <span style="color: #0000ff;">or</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(field_obj, Field):
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(field_obj, Form):
                </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取以key开头的所有的值，以参数的形式传至</span>
                self.<span style="color: #800080;">__valid</span><span style="color: #000000;">(field_obj, request, depth, key)
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">continue</span>
            <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> pre_key:
                key </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">%s.%s</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> (pre_key, key)

            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField):
                post_value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> request.get_arguments(key, None)
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">elif</span><span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(field_obj, FileField):
                post_value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> []
                file_list </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> request.request.files.get(key, None)
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> file_item <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> file_list:
                    post_value.append(file_item[</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">filename</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">])
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                post_value </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> request.get_argument(key, None)

            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;"> post_value
            </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配</span>

field_obj.match(key, post_value)

if field_obj.id_valid:

self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value

else:

self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error

self.valid_status = False
class ListForm(object):

def init(self, form_type):

self.form_type = form_type

self.valid_status = True

self.value_dict = {}

self.error_dict = {}
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> validate(self, request):
    name_list </span>= request.request.arguments.keys() +<span style="color: #000000;"> request.request.files.keys()
    index </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> 0
    flag </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> False
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">while</span><span style="color: #000000;"> True:
        pre_key </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">[%d]</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> index
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> name <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> name_list:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> name.startswith(pre_key):
                flag </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> True
                </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">break</span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> flag:
            form_obj </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> self.form_type()
            form_obj.validate(request, depth</span>=10, pre_key=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">[%d]</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span> %<span style="color: #000000;"> index)
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> form_obj.valid_status:
                self.value_dict[index] </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> form_obj.value_dict
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
                self.error_dict[index] </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> form_obj.error_dict
                self.valid_status </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> False
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
            </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">break</span><span style="color: #000000;">

        index </span>+= 1<span style="color: #000000;">
        flag </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> False

class MainForm(Form):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span> <span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span><span style="color: #000000;">(self):
    </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.ip = IPField(required=True)</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.port = IntegerField(required=True)</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> self.second = SecondForm()</span>
    self.fff = FileField(required=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
    super(MainForm, self).</span><span style="color: #800080;">__init__</span><span style="color: #000000;">()

#
class SecondForm(Form):
def init(self):
self.ip = IPField(required=True)
self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)
super(SecondForm, self).init()
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

def get(self):

self.render('index.html')

def post(self, *args, **kwargs):

# for i in  dir(self.request):

#     print i

# print self.request.arguments

# print self.request.files

# print self.request.query

# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()

# print name_list
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> list_form = ListForm(MainForm)</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> list_form.validate(self)</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#

# print list_form.valid_status

# print list_form.value_dict

# print list_form.error_dict
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj = MainForm()</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj.validate(self)</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#

# print "验证结果：", obj.valid_status

# print "符合验证结果：", obj.value_dict

# print "错误信息:"

# for key, item in obj.error_dict.items():

#     print key,item

# print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor'))

# print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor'))

# print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff')

# print self.request.files

# obj = MainForm()

# obj.validate(self)

# print obj.valid_status

# print obj.value_dict

# print obj.error_dict

# print self.request,type(self.request)

# obj.fff.save(self.request)

# from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest

# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()

# print name_list

# print self.request.files,type(self.request.files)

# print len(self.request.files.get('fff'))
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj = MainForm()</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj.validate(self)</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> print obj.valid_status</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> print obj.value_dict</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> print obj.error_dict</span>
    <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj.fff.save(self.request)</span>
    self.write(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">ok</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)

settings = {

'template_path': 'template',

'static_path': 'static',

'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',

'login_url': '/login'

}
application = tornado.web.Application([

(r"/index", MainHandler),

], **settings)
if name == "main":

application.listen(8888)

tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()