使用dmidecode在Linux下获取硬件信息
dmidecode命令可以让你在Linux系统下获取有关硬件方面的信息。dmidecode的作用是将DMI数据库中的信息解码，以可读的文本方式显示。由于DMI信息可以人为修改，因此里面的信息不一定是系统准确的信息。dmidecode遵循SMBIOS/DMI标准，其输出的信息包括BIOS、系统、主板、处理器、内存、缓存等等。
DMI（Desktop Management Interface,DMI）就是帮助收集电脑系统信息的管理系统，DMI信息的收集必须在严格遵照SMBIOS规范的前提下进行。SMBIOS（System Management BIOS）是主板或系统制造者以标准格式显示产品管理信息所需遵循的统一规范。SMBIOS和DMI是由行业指导机构Desktop Management Task Force(DMTF)起草的开放性的技术标准，其中DMI设计适用于任何的平台和操作系统。
DMI充当了管理工具和系统层之间接口的角色。它建立了标准的可管理系统更加方便了电脑厂商和用户对系统的了解。DMI的主要组成部分是Management Information Format(MIF)数据库。这个数据库包括了所有有关电脑系统和配件的信息。通过DMI，用户可以获取序列号、电脑厂商、串口信息以及其它系统配件信息。
语法
dmidecode [选项]
选项
-d，-DEV MEM文件从设备文件读取内存（默认值：/DEV/MEM）
-h，帮助显示此帮助文本并退出
-Q，安静较少的冗长输出
-s，-string关键字只显示给定的DMI字符串的值
-t，-Type类型只显示给定类型的条目
-U，-转储不解码条目
——转储文件将DMI数据转储到二进制文件中。
——从转储文件读取二进制文件中的DMI数据
-V，-版本显示版本和退出
其实以上数值就是通过dmidecode命令来实现的，具体方法如下：
dmidecode以一种可读的方式dump出机器的DMI(Desktop Management Interface)信息。这些信息包括了硬件以及BIOS，既可以得到当前的配置，也可以得到系统支持的最大配置，比如说支持的最大内存数等。
DMI有人也叫SMBIOS(System Management BIOS)，这两个标准都由DMTF(Desktop Management Task Force)开发。
实例：
显示全部dmi信息:
[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
......
......
Handle 0x0020, DMI type 127, 4 bytes
End Of Table
更精简的信息显示：
[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode -q
显示指定类型的信息：
通常我只想查看某类型，比如CPU，内存或者磁盘的信息而不是全部的。这可以使用-t(--type TYPE)来指定信息类型：
[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode -t bios
[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode -t 0,4
dmidecode支持的类型:
Type Information
--------------------------------------------
0 BIOS
1 System
2 Baseboard
3 Chassis
4 Processor
5 Memory Controller
6 Memory Module
7 Cache
8 Port Connector
通过关键字查看信息：
比如只想查看序列号，可以使用:
[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode -s system-serial-number
-s (--string keyword)支持的keyword包括：
bios-vendor, bios-version,bios-release-date, system-manufacturer, system-product-name, system-version, system-serial-number, system-uuid, baseboard-manufacturer,baseboard-product-name, baseboard-version, baseboard-serial-number,baseboard-asset-tag, chassis-manufacturer, chassis-type, chassis-ver-sion, chassis-serial-number, chassis-asset-tag, processor-family, pro-cessor-manufacturer, processor-version, processor-frequency.
查看当前内存和支持的最大内存:
Linux下，可以使用free或者查看meminfo来获得当前的物理内存：
[root@localhost ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 32053 436 31617 0 8 55
-/+ buffers/cache: 371 31681
Swap: 7999 0 7999
这里显示了当前服务器的物理内存是32GB。
服务器到底能扩展到多大的内存？,可以使用下面的命令来查看:
[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode -t 16
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0007, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: Single-bit ECC
Maximum Capacity: 768 GB (可扩展768G)
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 12
但是，事实不一定如此，因此插槽可能已经插满了。也就是我们还必须查清这里的32G到底是4*8GB, 2*16GB还是其他？
如果是4*8GB，那么尽管可以扩展到768GB，但是插槽已经插满，无法扩展了：
[root@localhost ~]# dmidecode -t 17
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0008, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: bits
Data Width: bits
Size: MB
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM010
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous Registered (Buffered)
Speed: MHz
Manufacturer: Hynix
Serial Number: 0x37161DC3
Asset Tag: Unknown
Part Number: HMT42GR7CMR4A-G7
Rank:
Configured Clock Speed: MHz Handle 0x0009, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM011
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x000A, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM020
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x000B, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM021
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x000C, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM030
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x000D, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM031
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x000E, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: bits
Data Width: bits
Size: MB
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM110
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous Registered (Buffered)
Speed: MHz
Manufacturer: Hynix
Serial Number: 0x37A61E5F
Asset Tag: Unknown
Part Number: HMT42GR7CMR4A-G7
Rank:
Configured Clock Speed: MHz Handle 0x000F, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM111
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x0010, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM120
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x0011, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM121
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x0012, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM130
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown Handle 0x0013, DMI type , bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0007
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM131
Bank Locator: BRANCH CHANNEL DIMM
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: NO DIMM
Serial Number: NO DIMM
Asset Tag: NO DIMM
Part Number: NO DIMM
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown
根据上面输出可以发现，如果要扩展，只有将上面的内存条换成64GB的，才能达到12*64GB=768GB的最大支持内存。
附录：
dmidecode支持的数字参数：
Type Information
--------------------------------------------
0 BIOS
1 System
2 Baseboard
3 Chassis
4 Processor
5 Memory Controller
6 Memory Module
7 Cache
8 Port Connector
9 System Slots
10 On Board Devices
11 OEM Strings
12 System Configuration Options
13 BIOS Language
14 Group Associations
15 System Event Log
16 Physical Memory Array
17 Memory Device
18 32-bit Memory Error
19 Memory Array Mapped Address
20 Memory Device Mapped Address
21 Built-in Pointing Device
22 Portable Battery
23 System Reset
24 Hardware Security
25 System Power Controls
26 Voltage Probe
27 Cooling Device
28 Temperature Probe
29 Electrical Current Probe
30 Out-of-band Remote Access
31 Boot Integrity Services
32 System Boot
33 64-bit Memory Error
34 Management Device
35 Management Device Component
36 Management Device Threshold Data
37 Memory Channel
38 IPMI Device
39 Power Supply
40 Additional Information
41 Onboard Devices Extended Information
42 Management Controller Host Interface
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