HTML解析模块

import html

html.escape(s, quote=True)

对特殊字符进行转义

Convert the characters &, < and > in string s to HTML-safe sequences. Use this if you need to display text that might contain such characters in HTML. If the optional flag quote is true, the characters (") and (') are also translated; this helps for inclusion in an HTML attribute value delimited by quotes, as in <a href="...">.

　　->html.escape('''a"'&<>z''')

　　->'a"'&<>z'

html.unescape(s)

对转义的结果进行还原

Convert all named and numeric character references (e.g. >, >, &x3e;) in the string s to the corresponding unicode characters. This function uses the rules defined by the HTML 5 standard for both valid and invalid character references, and the list of HTML 5 named character references.

　　->html.unescape('a"'&<>z')

　　->'a"\'&<>z'

import html.entities

This module defines four dictionaries, html5, name2codepoint, codepoint2name, and entitydefs.

html.entities.html5: A dictionary that maps HTML5 named character references [1] to the equivalent Unicode character(s), e.g. html5['gt;'] == '>'. Note that the trailing semicolon is included in the name (e.g. 'gt;'), however some of the names are accepted by the standard even without the semicolon: in this case the name is present with and without the ';'. See also html.unescape().

html.entities.entitydefs: A dictionary mapping XHTML 1.0 entity definitions to their replacement text in ISO Latin-1.

html.entities.name2codepoint: A dictionary that maps HTML entity names to the Unicode codepoints.

html.entities.codepoint2name

A dictionary that maps Unicode codepoints to HTML entity names.

import html.parser

This module defines a class HTMLParser which serves as the basis for parsing text files formatted in HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language) and XHTML.

class html.parser.HTMLParser(strict=False, *, convert_charrefs=False)

Create a parser instance.

If convert_charrefs is True (default: False), all character references (except the ones in script/style elements) are automatically converted to the corresponding Unicode characters. The use of convert_charrefs=True is encouraged and will become the default in Python 3.5.

An HTMLParser instance is fed HTML data and calls handler methods when start tags, end tags, text, comments, and other markup elements are encountered. The user should subclass HTMLParser and override its methods to implement the desired behavior.

This parser does not check that end tags match start tags or call the end-tag handler for elements which are closed implicitly by closing an outer element.

Example HTML Parser Application

As a basic example, below is a simple HTML parser that uses the HTMLParser class to print out start tags, end tags, and data as they are encountered:

from html.parser import HTMLParser

class MyHTMLParser(HTMLParser):

    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):

        print("Encountered a start tag:", tag)

    def handle_endtag(self, tag):

        print("Encountered an end tag :", tag)

    def handle_data(self, data):

        print("Encountered some data  :", data)

parser = MyHTMLParser()

parser.feed('<html><head><title>Test</title></head>'

            '<body><h1>Parse me!</h1></body></html>')

The output will then be:

Encountered a start tag: html

Encountered a start tag: head

Encountered a start tag: title

Encountered some data  : Test

Encountered an end tag : title

Encountered an end tag : head

Encountered a start tag: body

Encountered a start tag: h1

Encountered some data  : Parse me!

Encountered an end tag : h1

Encountered an end tag : body

Encountered an end tag : html

`HTMLParser` Methods

HTMLParser instances have the following methods:

HTMLParser.feed(data): Feed some text to the parser. It is processed insofar as it consists of complete elements; incomplete data is buffered until more data is fed or close() is called. data must be str.

HTMLParser.close(): Force processing of all buffered data as if it were followed by an end-of-file mark. This method may be redefined by a derived class to define additional processing at the end of the input, but the redefined version should always call the HTMLParser base class method close().

HTMLParser.reset(): Reset the instance. Loses all unprocessed data. This is called implicitly at instantiation time.

HTMLParser.getpos(): Return current line number and offset.

HTMLParser.get_starttag_text(): Return the text of the most recently opened start tag. This should not normally be needed for structured processing, but may be useful in dealing with HTML “as deployed” or for re-generating input with minimal changes (whitespace between attributes can be preserved, etc.).

The following methods are called when data or markup elements are encountered and they are meant to be overridden in a subclass. The base class implementations do nothing (except for handle_startendtag()):

HTMLParser.handle_starttag(tag, attrs)

This method is called to handle the start of a tag (e.g. <div id="main">).

The tag argument is the name of the tag converted to lower case. The attrs argument is a list of (name, value) pairs containing the attributes found inside the tag’s <> brackets. The name will be translated to lower case, and quotes in the value have been removed, and character and entity references have been replaced.

For instance, for the tag <A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/">, this method would be called as handle_starttag('a', [('href', 'http://www.cwi.nl/')]).

All entity references from html.entities are replaced in the attribute values.

HTMLParser.handle_endtag(tag)

This method is called to handle the end tag of an element (e.g. </div>).

The tag argument is the name of the tag converted to lower case.

HTMLParser.handle_startendtag(tag, attrs): Similar to handle_starttag(), but called when the parser encounters an XHTML-style empty tag (<img ... />). This method may be overridden by subclasses which require this particular lexical information; the default implementation simply calls handle_starttag() and handle_endtag().

HTMLParser.handle_data(data): This method is called to process arbitrary data (e.g. text nodes and the content of <script>...</script> and <style>...</style>).

HTMLParser.handle_entityref(name): This method is called to process a named character reference of the form &name; (e.g. >), where name is a general entity reference (e.g. 'gt'). This method is never called if convert_charrefs is True.

HTMLParser.handle_charref(name): This method is called to process decimal and hexadecimal numeric character references of the form &#NNN; and &#xNNN;. For example, the decimal equivalent for > is >, whereas the hexadecimal is >; in this case the method will receive '62' or 'x3E'. This method is never called if convert_charrefs is True.

HTMLParser.handle_comment(data)

This method is called when a comment is encountered (e.g. ).

For example, the comment  will cause this method to be called with the argument ' comment '.

The content of Internet Explorer conditional comments (condcoms) will also be sent to this method, so, for , this method will receive '[if IE 9]>IE-specific content<![endif]'.

HTMLParser.handle_decl(decl)

This method is called to handle an HTML doctype declaration (e.g. <!DOCTYPE html>).

The decl parameter will be the entire contents of the declaration inside the <!...> markup (e.g. 'DOCTYPE html').

HTMLParser.handle_pi(data): Method called when a processing instruction is encountered. The data parameter will contain the entire processing instruction. For example, for the processing instruction <?proc color='red'>, this method would be called as handle_pi("proc color='red'"). It is intended to be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.

Note

The HTMLParser class uses the SGML syntactic rules for processing instructions. An XHTML processing instruction using the trailing '?' will cause the '?' to be included in data.

HTMLParser.unknown_decl(data)

This method is called when an unrecognized declaration is read by the parser.

The data parameter will be the entire contents of the declaration inside the <![...]> markup. It is sometimes useful to be overridden by a derived class. The base class implementation raises an HTMLParseError when strict is True.

Examples

The following class implements a parser that will be used to illustrate more examples:

from html.parser import HTMLParser

from html.entities import name2codepoint

class MyHTMLParser(HTMLParser):

    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):

        print("Start tag:", tag)

        for attr in attrs:

            print("     attr:", attr)

    def handle_endtag(self, tag):

        print("End tag  :", tag)

    def handle_data(self, data):

        print("Data     :", data)

    def handle_comment(self, data):

        print("Comment  :", data)

    def handle_entityref(self, name):

        c = chr(name2codepoint[name])

        print("Named ent:", c)

    def handle_charref(self, name):

        if name.startswith('x'):

            c = chr(int(name[1:], 16))

        else:

            c = chr(int(name))

        print("Num ent  :", c)

    def handle_decl(self, data):

        print("Decl     :", data)

parser = MyHTMLParser()

Parsing a doctype:

>>> parser.feed('<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" '

...             '"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">')

Decl     : DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"

Parsing an element with a few attributes and a title:

>>> parser.feed('<img src="python-logo.png" alt="The Python logo">')

Start tag: img

     attr: ('src', 'python-logo.png')

     attr: ('alt', 'The Python logo')

>>>

>>> parser.feed('<h1>Python</h1>')

Start tag: h1

Data     : Python

End tag  : h1

The content of script and style elements is returned as is, without further parsing:

>>> parser.feed('<style type="text/css">#python { color: green }</style>')

Start tag: style

     attr: ('type', 'text/css')

Data     : #python { color: green }

End tag  : style

>>>

>>> parser.feed('<script type="text/javascript">'

...             'alert("<strong>hello!</strong>");</script>')

Start tag: script

     attr: ('type', 'text/javascript')

Data     : alert("<strong>hello!</strong>");

End tag  : script

Parsing comments:

>>> parser.feed('<!-- a comment -->'

...             '<!--[if IE 9]>IE-specific content<![endif]-->')

Comment  :  a comment

Comment  : [if IE 9]>IE-specific content<![endif]

Parsing named and numeric character references and converting them to the correct char (note: these 3 references are all equivalent to '>'):

>>> parser.feed('&gt;>>')

Named ent: >

Num ent  : >

Num ent  : >

Feeding incomplete chunks to feed() works, but handle_data() might be called more than once (unless convert_charrefs is set to True):

>>> for chunk in ['<sp', 'an>buff', 'ered ', 'text</s', 'pan>']:

...     parser.feed(chunk)

...

Start tag: span

Data     : buff

Data     : ered

Data     : text

End tag  : span

Parsing invalid HTML (e.g. unquoted attributes) also works:

>>> parser.feed('<p><a class="link" href=#main>tag soup</p ></a>')

Start tag: p

Start tag: a

     attr: ('class', 'link')

     attr: ('href', '#main')

Data     : tag soup

End tag  : p

End tag  : a