Git 使用初体验

http://my.oschina.net/moooofly/blog/228608

很久之前在 http://git.oschina.net/ 上创建了一个私有项目 modb ，目的主要是用来学习如何使用 GIT 来开源自己写的东东，中间由于种种原因停顿了很长时间，但是今天，我下定决心一定要将这个事情完成，于是乎，探索之旅又开始了……

（本文以 windows 平台上的操作进行说明）

最初创建 modb 项目时，默认会产生如下 3 个文件：

• .gitignore
• LICENSE
• README.md

其中 .gitignore 文件的作用可以参考： 《 .gitignore 文件使用说明 》

接下来只要从官网下载了最新的 Git 客户端安装使用就可以了，我安装的是最新的 Git-1.9.2-preview20140411.exe 。

首先，将 modb.git 获取到本地。

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D:\myGIT>git clone https://git.oschina.net/moooofly/modb.git Cloning into 'modb'... Username for 'https://git.oschina.net': moooofly Password for 'https://moooofly@git.oschina.net': remote: Counting objects: 5, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done. remote: Total 5 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) Unpacking objects: 100% (5/5), done. Checking connectivity... done.     D:\myGIT>

之后，通过编辑器创建文件 helloworld.txt。

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D:\myGIT>cd modb D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>dir  驱动器 D 中的卷是 DSK1_VOL2  卷的序列号是 121D-11F5    D:\myGIT\modb 的目录   2014-04-28  14:05    <DIR>          . 2014-04-28  14:05    <DIR>          .. 2014-04-28  14:05               156 .gitignore 2014-04-28  14:05             1,094 LICENSE 2014-04-28  14:05                 7 README.md 2014-04-28  14:14                 0 helloworld.txt                4 个文件          1,257 字节                2 个目录  6,756,630,528 可用字节   D:\myGIT\modb>

通过 add 命令添加新建的文件，通过 status 命令查看此时的状态信息，通过 commit 命令在本地提交变更状态。

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D:\myGIT\modb>git add .   D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git status On branch master Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.   Changes to be committed:   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)           new file:   helloworld.txt     D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git commit -m "add helloworld.txt" [master 8576fc3] add helloworld.txt  Committer: unknown <sunfei@sunfei.kdcrd.com> Your name and email address were configured automatically based on your username and hostname. Please check that they are accurate. You can suppress this message by setting them explicitly:       git config --global user.name "Your Name"     git config --global user.email you@example.com   After doing this, you may fix the identity used for this commit with:       git commit --amend --reset-author    1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)  create mode 100644 helloworld.txt   D:\myGIT\modb>

看上面的提示，以系统默认的用户名和密码来进行代码的管理似乎不妥。按照 oschina/git-osc 和《Git初体验》的说法，应该使用在 GIT@OSC 上注册的用户名和邮箱。

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D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git config --global user.name "moooofly"   D:\myGIT\modb>git config --global user.email "centos.sf@gmail.com"   D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git commit --amend --reset-author [master 12699ba] add helloworld.txt  1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)  create mode 100644 helloworld.txt   D:\myGIT\modb>

在输入命令 git commit --amend --reset-author 时，会以 VIM 编辑器的形式打开如下内容的文件。

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add helloworld.txt   # Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting # with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit. # On branch master # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit. #   (use "git push" to publish your local commits) # # Changes to be committed: #       new file:   helloworld.txt # ~ ~ ~

直接执行 wq 保存后退出即可。
重新执行 status 命令查看状态，并使用 push 命令向服务器提交。

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D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git status On branch master Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.   (use "git push" to publish your local commits)   nothing to commit, working directory clean   D:\myGIT\modb>git push origin master Username for 'https://git.oschina.net': moooofly Password for 'https://moooofly@git.oschina.net': Counting objects: 4, done. Delta compression using up to 2 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done. Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 276 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done. Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0) To https://git.oschina.net/moooofly/modb.git    8fb8c63..136a5da  master -> master   D:\myGIT\modb>

此时刷新项目网址，可以看到新的文件已经成功提交了（项目为私有，目前只有我自己能看到）。

接着测试修改文件内容的情况，在 helloworld.txt 文件中增加

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1	hello world! haha!

之后查看状态

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D:\myGIT\modb>git status On branch master Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.   Changes not staged for commit:   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)           modified:   helloworld.txt   no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

从输出信息中可以得知，我的修改 git 是感知的，但在我未执行 add 前，git 认为我本地代码的状态仍旧是 up-to-date with 'origin/master' 。同时 git 提示，我的修改尚未 staged for commit ，因为只有 add 后才能 commit ，所以 git 给出的结论为 no changes added to commit 。

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D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git log commit 136a5da602fbba228c51cb7f680f1784bea1e6af Author: moooofly <centos.sf@gmail.com> Date:   Mon Apr 28 15:11:53 2014 +0800       add helloworld.txt   commit 8fb8c6358323d3213b244355fa0e9df0e28a3b0d Author: 摩云飞 <centos.sf@gmail.com> Date:   Thu Jan 2 18:23:10 2014 +0800       Initial commit   D:\myGIT\modb>

此时查看 log 信息，可以看到仅有最初创建和刚刚添加 helloworld.txt 文件时的日志内容。

再次执行 add 和 commit 命令，并查看相关状态信息。

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D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git add .   D:\myGIT\modb>git commit -m "add string in helloworld.txt" [master 1c01bff] add string in helloworld.txt  1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)   D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git status On branch master Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.   (use "git push" to publish your local commits)   nothing to commit, working directory clean   D:\myGIT\modb>

上述打印可以看出，我的本地代码版本已经超前 'origin/master' 分支 1 个 commit 了。此时已经没有其他需要 commit 的修改，只需要执行 push 操作将本地修改推到 GIT 服务器端。

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D:\myGIT\modb>git log commit 1c01bff84483507b428eecd4fff7bbe89467dcce Author: moooofly <centos.sf@gmail.com> Date:   Mon Apr 28 16:38:16 2014 +0800       add string in helloworld.txt   commit 136a5da602fbba228c51cb7f680f1784bea1e6af Author: moooofly <centos.sf@gmail.com> Date:   Mon Apr 28 15:11:53 2014 +0800       add helloworld.txt   commit 8fb8c6358323d3213b244355fa0e9df0e28a3b0d Author: 摩云飞 <centos.sf@gmail.com> Date:   Thu Jan 2 18:23:10 2014 +0800       Initial commit   D:\myGIT\modb>

从上述打印可以知道，只要执行过 commit 就会在 log 中体现出来。

此时不执行 push 动作，而是再次修改文件的内容，增加

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1	hello moooofly! haha!

之后查看状态

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D:\myGIT\modb>git status On branch master Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.   (use "git push" to publish your local commits)   Changes not staged for commit:   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)           modified:   helloworld.txt   no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")   D:\myGIT\modb>

果然……同时出现了让我将（前面的）commit 进行 push 和将（后面的）修改 staged for commit 的建议。

这里我选择执行 add 命令，结果出现了关于行结束的警告，这个暂时跳过不处理。

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D:\myGIT\modb>git add . warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.txt. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.   D:\myGIT\modb>

执行 status 命令，发现有新的修改需要 be committed ，或者也可以使用 git reset HEAD helloworld.txt 将已经处于 staged 状态的修改回退到 unstage 状态。

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D:\myGIT\modb>git status warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.txt. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory. On branch master Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.   (use "git push" to publish your local commits)   Changes to be committed:   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)           modified:   helloworld.txt     D:\myGIT\modb>

这里执行 reset 操作进行回退。

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D:\myGIT\modb>git reset HEAD helloworld.txt warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.txt. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory. Unstaged changes after reset: M       helloworld.txt   D:\myGIT\modb>

可以看到，文件 helloworld.txt 已经回退到 Unstaged 状态。

重新查看 status 信息，发现状态回到了让我将 commit 进行 push 和将修改 staged for commit 的状态。

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D:\myGIT\modb>git status On branch master Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.   (use "git push" to publish your local commits)   Changes not staged for commit:   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)           modified:   helloworld.txt   no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")   D:\myGIT\modb>   D:\myGIT\modb>git add . warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.txt. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.   D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git commit -m "add string 2 in helloworld.txt" [master warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.txt. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory. 793216b] add string 2 in helloworld.txt warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.txt. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)   D:\myGIT\modb> D:\myGIT\modb>git status On branch master Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.   (use "git push" to publish your local commits)   nothing to commit, working directory clean   D:\myGIT\modb>

可以看出，此时本地版本已经处于领先于 origin/master 2 次 commit 的状态。

执行 push 命令将 2 次 commit 进行提交。

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1	D:\myGIT\modb>git push origin master

注：关于 “warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF” 的问题可以参考《GIT 使用时遇到的行结束符设置问题》。