零、流程图

flowchat
st=>start: 开始
e=>end: 结束

op1=>operation: 编写源代码“.c”文件
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void){
printf("Hello!\n");
return 0;
}

op2=>operation: 预处理成“.i”预处理文件
gcc hello.c -E -o hello.i

op3=>operation: 编译成“.s”汇编文件
gcc hello.i -S -o hello.s

op4=>operation: 汇编成“.o”对象文件
gcc hello.s -c -o hello.o

op5=>operation: 链接成“.elf”可执行文件
gcc hello.o -o hello

op6=>operation: 执行
./hello

st->op1->op2->op3->op4->op5->op6->e

壹、从源代码到可执行文件的步骤

从C语言源代码到可执行文件的步骤包括预处理、编译、汇编和链接等步骤。

0、C语言代码

使用C语言编写一个非常简单的C程序代码：

#include<stdio.h>

int main(void){

	printf("Hello!\n");

	return 0;

}

保存为hello.c

1、预处理

使用GCC对hello.c文件进行预处理：

gcc hello.c -E -o hello.i

结果会保存到hello.i文件中，这个文件中是原来的.c文件和.c文件引用的头文件的一些代码，还是C代码，内容如下：

点击查看代码 
# 1 "hello.c"

# 1 "<built-in>"

# 1 "<command-line>"

# 31 "<command-line>"

# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4

# 32 "<command-line>" 2

# 1 "hello.c"

# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4

# 27 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 1 3 4

# 33 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4

# 461 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4

# 452 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 453 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/long-double.h" 1 3 4

# 454 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4

# 462 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4

# 485 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4

# 10 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-64.h" 1 3 4

# 11 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4

# 486 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4

# 34 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/libc-header-start.h" 2 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4

# 209 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include/stddef.h" 3 4

# 209 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include/stddef.h" 3 4

typedef long unsigned int size_t;

# 34 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4

# 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/include/stdarg.h" 3 4

typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;

# 37 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 1 3 4

# 27 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4

# 28 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/timesize.h" 1 3 4

# 29 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4

typedef unsigned char __u_char;

typedef unsigned short int __u_short;

typedef unsigned int __u_int;

typedef unsigned long int __u_long;

typedef signed char __int8_t;

typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;

typedef signed short int __int16_t;

typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;

typedef signed int __int32_t;

typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;

typedef signed long int __int64_t;

typedef unsigned long int __uint64_t;

typedef __int8_t __int_least8_t;

typedef __uint8_t __uint_least8_t;

typedef __int16_t __int_least16_t;

typedef __uint16_t __uint_least16_t;

typedef __int32_t __int_least32_t;

typedef __uint32_t __uint_least32_t;

typedef __int64_t __int_least64_t;

typedef __uint64_t __uint_least64_t;

typedef long int __quad_t;

typedef unsigned long int __u_quad_t;

typedef long int __intmax_t;

typedef unsigned long int __uintmax_t;

# 141 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4

# 142 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/time64.h" 1 3 4

# 143 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4

typedef unsigned long int __dev_t;

typedef unsigned int __uid_t;

typedef unsigned int __gid_t;

typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;

typedef unsigned long int __ino64_t;

typedef unsigned int __mode_t;

typedef unsigned long int __nlink_t;

typedef long int __off_t;

typedef long int __off64_t;

typedef int __pid_t;

typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;

typedef long int __clock_t;

typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;

typedef unsigned long int __rlim64_t;

typedef unsigned int __id_t;

typedef long int __time_t;

typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;

typedef long int __suseconds_t;

typedef int __daddr_t;

typedef int __key_t;

typedef int __clockid_t;

typedef void * __timer_t;

typedef long int __blksize_t;

typedef long int __blkcnt_t;

typedef long int __blkcnt64_t;

typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;

typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt64_t;

typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;

typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt64_t;

typedef long int __fsword_t;

typedef long int __ssize_t;

typedef long int __syscall_slong_t;

typedef unsigned long int __syscall_ulong_t;

typedef __off64_t __loff_t;

typedef char *__caddr_t;

typedef long int __intptr_t;

typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;

typedef int __sig_atomic_t;

# 39 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos_t.h" 1 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__mbstate_t.h" 1 3 4

# 13 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__mbstate_t.h" 3 4

typedef struct

{

  int __count;

  union

  {

    unsigned int __wch;

    char __wchb[4];

  } __value;

} __mbstate_t;

# 6 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos_t.h" 2 3 4

typedef struct _G_fpos_t

{

  __off_t __pos;

  __mbstate_t __state;

} __fpos_t;

# 40 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos64_t.h" 1 3 4

# 10 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__fpos64_t.h" 3 4

typedef struct _G_fpos64_t

{

  __off64_t __pos;

  __mbstate_t __state;

} __fpos64_t;

# 41 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/__FILE.h" 1 3 4

struct _IO_FILE;

typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;

# 42 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/FILE.h" 1 3 4

struct _IO_FILE;

typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;

# 43 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/struct_FILE.h" 1 3 4

# 35 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/types/struct_FILE.h" 3 4

struct _IO_FILE;

struct _IO_marker;

struct _IO_codecvt;

struct _IO_wide_data;

typedef void _IO_lock_t;

struct _IO_FILE

{

  int _flags;

  char *_IO_read_ptr;

  char *_IO_read_end;

  char *_IO_read_base;

  char *_IO_write_base;

  char *_IO_write_ptr;

  char *_IO_write_end;

  char *_IO_buf_base;

  char *_IO_buf_end;

  char *_IO_save_base;

  char *_IO_backup_base;

  char *_IO_save_end;

  struct _IO_marker *_markers;

  struct _IO_FILE *_chain;

  int _fileno;

  int _flags2;

  __off_t _old_offset;

  unsigned short _cur_column;

  signed char _vtable_offset;

  char _shortbuf[1];

  _IO_lock_t *_lock;

  __off64_t _offset;

  struct _IO_codecvt *_codecvt;

  struct _IO_wide_data *_wide_data;

  struct _IO_FILE *_freeres_list;

  void *_freeres_buf;

  size_t __pad5;

  int _mode;

  char _unused2[15 * sizeof (int) - 4 * sizeof (void *) - sizeof (size_t)];

};

# 44 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 52 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef __gnuc_va_list va_list;

# 63 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef __off_t off_t;

# 77 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

typedef __ssize_t ssize_t;

typedef __fpos_t fpos_t;

# 133 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/stdio_lim.h" 1 3 4

# 134 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

extern FILE *stdin;

extern FILE *stdout;

extern FILE *stderr;

extern int remove (const char *__filename) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int rename (const char *__old, const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int renameat (int __oldfd, const char *__old, int __newfd,

       const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

# 173 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *tmpfile (void) ;

# 187 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern char *tmpnam (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern char *tmpnam_r (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

# 204 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern char *tempnam (const char *__dir, const char *__pfx)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;

extern int fclose (FILE *__stream);

extern int fflush (FILE *__stream);

# 227 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream);

# 246 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *fopen (const char *__restrict __filename,

      const char *__restrict __modes) ;

extern FILE *freopen (const char *__restrict __filename,

        const char *__restrict __modes,

        FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

# 279 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *fdopen (int __fd, const char *__modes) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

# 292 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *fmemopen (void *__s, size_t __len, const char *__modes)

  __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern FILE *open_memstream (char **__bufloc, size_t *__sizeloc) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern void setbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int setvbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,

      int __modes, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern void setbuffer (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,

         size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern void setlinebuf (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int fprintf (FILE *__restrict __stream,

      const char *__restrict __format, ...);

extern int printf (const char *__restrict __format, ...);

extern int sprintf (char *__restrict __s,

      const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern int vfprintf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg);

extern int vprintf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg);

extern int vsprintf (char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern int snprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,

       const char *__restrict __format, ...)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)));

extern int vsnprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,

        const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)));

# 379 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int vdprintf (int __fd, const char *__restrict __fmt,

       __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)));

extern int dprintf (int __fd, const char *__restrict __fmt, ...)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)));

extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream,

     const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;

extern int scanf (const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;

extern int sscanf (const char *__restrict __s,

     const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream, const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_fscanf")

                               ;

extern int scanf (const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_scanf")

                              ;

extern int sscanf (const char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_sscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))

                      ;

# 432 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format,

      __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;

extern int vscanf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;

extern int vsscanf (const char *__restrict __s,

      const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)

     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));

extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vfscanf")

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;

extern int vscanf (const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vscanf")

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;

extern int vsscanf (const char *__restrict __s, const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vsscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));

# 485 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fgetc (FILE *__stream);

extern int getc (FILE *__stream);

extern int getchar (void);

extern int getc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);

extern int getchar_unlocked (void);

# 510 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);

# 521 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fputc (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern int putc (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern int putchar (int __c);

# 537 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fputc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern int putc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern int putchar_unlocked (int __c);

extern int getw (FILE *__stream);

extern int putw (int __w, FILE *__stream);

extern char *fgets (char *__restrict __s, int __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)

     ;

# 603 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern __ssize_t __getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,

                             size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,

                             FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern __ssize_t getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,

                           size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,

                           FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern __ssize_t getline (char **__restrict __lineptr,

                          size_t *__restrict __n,

                          FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern int fputs (const char *__restrict __s, FILE *__restrict __stream);

extern int puts (const char *__s);

extern int ungetc (int __c, FILE *__stream);

extern size_t fread (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

       size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern size_t fwrite (const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

        size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s);

# 673 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

         size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;

extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,

          size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream);

extern int fseek (FILE *__stream, long int __off, int __whence);

extern long int ftell (FILE *__stream) ;

extern void rewind (FILE *__stream);

# 707 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fseeko (FILE *__stream, __off_t __off, int __whence);

extern __off_t ftello (FILE *__stream) ;

# 731 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int fgetpos (FILE *__restrict __stream, fpos_t *__restrict __pos);

extern int fsetpos (FILE *__stream, const fpos_t *__pos);

# 757 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern void clearerr (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int feof (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern int ferror (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int feof_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern int ferror_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern void perror (const char *__s);

# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/sys_errlist.h" 1 3 4

# 26 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/sys_errlist.h" 3 4

extern int sys_nerr;

extern const char *const sys_errlist[];

# 782 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

extern int fileno (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern int fileno_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

# 800 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern FILE *popen (const char *__command, const char *__modes) ;

extern int pclose (FILE *__stream);

extern char *ctermid (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

# 840 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern void flockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

# 858 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

extern int __uflow (FILE *);

extern int __overflow (FILE *, int);

# 873 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 2 "hello.c" 2

# 3 "hello.c"

int main(void){

 printf("Hello!\n");

 return 0;

}

2、编译

使用GCC对hello.i文件进行编译：

gcc hello.i -S -o hello.s

结果会保存到hello.s文件中，这个文件中是x86的汇编代码，内容如下：

点击查看代码 
	.file	"hello.c"

	.text

	.section	.rodata

.LC0:

	.string	"Hello!"

	.text

	.globl	main

	.type	main, @function

main:

.LFB0:

	.cfi_startproc

	endbr64

	pushq	%rbp

	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16

	.cfi_offset 6, -16

	movq	%rsp, %rbp

	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6

	leaq	.LC0(%rip), %rdi

	call	puts@PLT

	movl	$0, %eax

	popq	%rbp

	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8

	ret

	.cfi_endproc

.LFE0:

	.size	main, .-main

	.ident	"GCC: (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1) 9.4.0"

	.section	.note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits

	.section	.note.gnu.property,"a"

	.align 8

	.long	 1f - 0f

	.long	 4f - 1f

	.long	 5

0:

	.string	 "GNU"

1:

	.align 8

	.long	 0xc0000002

	.long	 3f - 2f

2:

	.long	 0x3

3:

	.align 8

4:

3、汇编

使用GCC对hello.s文件进行汇编：

gcc hello.s -c -o hello.o

结果会保存到hello.o目标文件中，这个文件不是文本文件。

4、链接

使用GCC对hello.o文件与库文件进行链接生成可执行文件：

gcc hello.o -o hello

结果会保存到hello文件中，这个文件可以被直接运行。

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