Flask基础-配置，路由

一，配置文件

flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象（继承字典）,默认配置为：
    {
        'DEBUG':                                get_debug_flag(default=False),  是否开启Debug模式
        'TESTING':                              False,                          是否开启测试模式
        'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS':                 None,
        'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION':        None,
        'SECRET_KEY':                           None,
        'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),
        'USE_X_SENDFILE':                       False,
        'LOGGER_NAME':                          None,
        'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY':               'always',
        'SERVER_NAME':                          None,
        'APPLICATION_ROOT':                     None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
        'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
        'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
        'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,
        'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH':                   None,
        'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT':            timedelta(hours=12),
        'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS':              False,
        'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS':                 False,
        'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING':             False,
        'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME':                 'http',
        'JSON_AS_ASCII':                        True,
        'JSON_SORT_KEYS':                       True,
        'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR':          True,
        'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE':                     'application/json',
        'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD':                None,
    }

方式一：
    app.config['DEBUG'] = True

    PS： 由于Config对象本质上是字典，所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)

方式二：
    app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
        如：
            settings.py
                DEBUG = True

            app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")

    app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
        环境变量的值为python文件名称名称，内部调用from_pyfile方法

    app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
        JSON文件名称，必须是json格式，因为内部会执行json.loads

    app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
        字典格式

    app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")

        app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')

        settings.py

            class Config(object):
                DEBUG = False
                TESTING = False
                DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'

            class ProductionConfig(Config):
                DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'

            class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
                DEBUG = True

            class TestingConfig(Config):
                TESTING = True

        PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写

    PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录，如果instance_relative_config为True，则就是instance_path目录

案例1

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object("settings.DevelopmentConfig")
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    return 'Hello World!'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

class Config(object):
    DEBUG = False
    TESTING = False
    DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'

class ProductionConfig(Config):
    DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'

class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
    DEBUG = False

class TestingConfig(Config):
    TESTING = True

2. URL 反向解析

from flask import Flask,url_for

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object("settings.DevelopmentConfig")
# @app.route('/')
# def hello_world():
#     return 'Hello World!'

# 1. index函数路由
@app.route("/index",endpoint="n1")  #<string:xx><default:xx> <xxx>  都表示字符串
def index():
    print(id)
    return "hello"

#2. order 函数路由
@app.route("/order",endpoint="n2")
def order():
    print("order")
    return "hello"

#3. user 函数路由
@app.route("/user")
def user():
    print(url_for("n1"))  #打印结果 /index
    print(url_for("n2"))  #打印结果 /order
    #endport ，为url起别名，根据别名可以反向生成url
    return 'hello11'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

3.路由系统

三、路由系统

@app.route('/user/<username>')
@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<path:path>')
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
常用路由系统有以上五种，所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理：

DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
    'default':          UnicodeConverter,
    'string':           UnicodeConverter,
    'any':              AnyConverter,
    'path':             PathConverter,
    'int':              IntegerConverter,
    'float':            FloatConverter,
    'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
}

        def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                print('before')
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                print('after')
                return result

        return inner

        @app.route('/index.html',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
        @auth
        def index():
            return 'Index'

        或

        def index():
            return "Index"

        self.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
        or
        app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
        app.view_functions['index'] = index

        或
        def auth(func):
            def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                print('before')
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                print('after')
                return result

        return inner

        class IndexView(views.View):
            methods = ['GET']
            decorators = [auth, ]

            def dispatch_request(self):
                print('Index')
                return 'Index!'

        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint

        或

        class IndexView(views.MethodView):
            methods = ['GET']
            decorators = [auth, ]

            def get(self):
                return 'Index.GET'

            def post(self):
                return 'Index.POST'

        app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint

        @app.route和app.add_url_rule参数：
            rule,                       URL规则
            view_func,                  视图函数名称
            defaults=None,              默认值,当URL中无参数，函数需要参数时，使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数
            endpoint=None,              名称，用于反向生成URL，即： url_for('名称')
            methods=None,               允许的请求方式，如：["GET","POST"]

            strict_slashes=None,        对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求，
                                        如：
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False)，
                                                访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
                                            @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
                                                仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index
            redirect_to=None,           重定向到指定地址
                                        如：
                                            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
                                            或
                                            def func(adapter, nid):
                                                return "/home/888"
                                            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func)
            subdomain=None,             子域名访问
                                                from flask import Flask, views, url_for

                                                app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
                                                app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'

                                                @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
                                                def static_index():
                                                    """Flask supports static subdomains
                                                    This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
                                                    return "static.your-domain.tld"

                                                @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
                                                def username_index(username):
                                                    """Dynamic subdomains are also supported
                                                    Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
                                                    return username + ".your-domain.tld"

                                                if __name__ == '__main__':
                                                    app.run()
        

注册路由原理

4 .文件上传

@app.route("/upload",methods=["GET","POST"])
def upload():
    if request.method =="GET":
        return render_template("upload.html")

    from werkzeug.datastructures import FileStorage
    file =request.files.get("ff")
    print("file是什么：",file,"file类型：",type(file))
    print("file_name:",file.filename)
    print("file_stream:",file.stream)
　　

　　#方法一、
    file_path =os.path.join('upload',file.filename)
    print(file_path)
    with open(file_path,"wb") as f:
        file.save(f)

　　#方法二、
　　file.save(file_path) 直接保存文件路径.
    return "上传成功"

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

输出结果：

html页面

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>upload</title>
</head>
<body>

<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">

    <input type="file" name="ff">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>

</body>
</html>

5、 请求和相应.

复制代码
   from flask import Flask
    from flask import request
    from flask import render_template
    from flask import redirect
    from flask import make_response

    app = Flask(__name__)

    @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
    def login():

        # 请求相关信息
        # request.method
        # request.args
        # request.form
        # request.values
        # request.cookies
        # request.headers
        # request.path
        # request.full_path
        # request.script_root
        # request.url
        # request.base_url
        # request.url_root
        # request.host_url
        # request.host
        # request.files
        # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
        # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))

        # 响应相关信息
        # return "字符串"
        # return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
        # return redirect('/index.html')

        # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
        # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
        # response.delete_cookie('key')
        # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
        # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
        # return response

        return "内容"

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

6. flask-session