Shell脚本编写及常见面试题

 

注意事项

1）开头加解释器：#!/bin/bash

2）语法缩进，使用四个空格；多加注释说明。

3）命名建议规则：变量名大写、局部变量小写，函数名小写，名字体现出实际作用。

4）默认变量是全局的，在函数中变量local指定为局部变量，避免污染其他作用域。

5）有两个命令能帮助我调试脚本：set -e 遇到执行非0时退出脚本，set-x 打印执行过程。

6）写脚本一定先测试再到生产上。

本章目录：

12.1 获取随机字符串或数字

获取随机8位字符串：

方法1：
# echo $RANDOM |md5sum |cut -c 1-8
471b94f2
方法2：
# openssl rand -base64 4
vg3BEg==
方法3：
# cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid |cut -c 1-8
ed9e032c

 

获取随机8位数字：

方法1：
# echo $RANDOM |cksum |cut -c 1-8
23648321
方法2：
# openssl rand -base64 4 |cksum |cut -c 1-8
38571131
方法3：
# date +%N |cut -c 1-8
69024815

 

cksum：打印CRC效验和统计字节

12.2 定义一个颜色输出字符串函数

方法1：
function echo_color() {
    if [ $1 == "green" ]; then
        echo -e "\033[32;40m$2\033[0m"
    elif [ $1 == "red" ]; then
        echo -e "\033[31;40m$2\033[0m"
    fi
}
方法2：
function echo_color() {
    case $1 in
        green)
            echo -e "\033[32;40m$2\033[0m"
            ;;
        red)
            echo -e "\033[31;40m$2\033[0m"
            ;;
        *)
            echo "Example: echo_color red string"
    esac
}
使用方法：echo_color green "test"

 

function关键字定义一个函数，可加或不加。

12.3 批量创建用户

#!/bin/bash
DATE=$(date +%F_%T)
USER_FILE=user.txt
echo_color(){
    if [ $1 == "green" ]; then
        echo -e "\033[32;40m$2\033[0m"
    elif [ $1 == "red" ]; then
        echo -e "\033[31;40m$2\033[0m"
    fi
}
# 如果用户文件存在并且大小大于0就备份
if [ -s $USER_FILE ]; then
    mv $USER_FILE ${USER_FILE}-${DATE}.bak
    echo_color green "$USER_FILE exist, rename ${USER_FILE}-${DATE}.bak"
fi
echo -e "User\tPassword" >> $USER_FILE
echo "----------------" >> $USER_FILE
for USER in user{1..10}; do
    if ! id $USER &>/dev/null; then
        PASS=$(echo $RANDOM |md5sum |cut -c 1-8)
        useradd $USER
        echo $PASS |passwd --stdin $USER &>/dev/null
        echo -e "$USER\t$PASS" >> $USER_FILE
        echo "$USER User create successful."
    else
        echo_color red "$USER User already exists!"
    fi
done

 

12.4 检查软件包是否安装

#!/bin/bash
if rpm -q sysstat &>/dev/null; then
    echo "sysstat is already installed."
else
    echo "sysstat is not installed!"
fi

 

12.5 检查服务状态

#!/bin/bash
PORT_C=$(ss -anu |grep -c 123)
PS_C=$(ps -ef |grep ntpd |grep -vc grep)
if [ $PORT_C -eq 0 -o $PS_C -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "内容" | mail -s "主题" dst@example.com
fi

 

12.6 检查主机存活状态

方法1：将错误IP放到数组里面判断是否ping失败三次

#!/bin/bash
IP_LIST="192.168.18.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.18.2"
for IP in $IP_LIST; do
    NUM=1
    while [ $NUM -le 3 ]; do
        if ping -c 1 $IP > /dev/null; then
            echo "$IP Ping is successful."
            break
        else
            # echo "$IP Ping is failure $NUM"
            FAIL_COUNT[$NUM]=$IP
            let NUM++
        fi
    done
    if [ ${#FAIL_COUNT[*]} -eq 3 ];then
        echo "${FAIL_COUNT[1]} Ping is failure!"
        unset FAIL_COUNT[*]
    fi
done

 

方法2：将错误次数放到FAIL_COUNT变量里面判断是否ping失败三次

#!/bin/bash
IP_LIST="192.168.18.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.18.2"
for IP in $IP_LIST; do
    FAIL_COUNT=0
    for ((i=1;i<=3;i++)); do
        if ping -c 1 $IP >/dev/null; then
            echo "$IP Ping is successful."
            break
        else
            # echo "$IP Ping is failure $i"
            let FAIL_COUNT++
        fi
    done
    if [ $FAIL_COUNT -eq 3 ]; then
        echo "$IP Ping is failure!"
    fi
done

 

方法3：利用for循环将ping通就跳出循环继续，如果不跳出就会走到打印ping失败

#!/bin/bash
ping_success_status() {
    if ping -c 1 $IP >/dev/null; then
        echo "$IP Ping is successful."
        continue
    fi
}
IP_LIST="192.168.18.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.18.2"
for IP in $IP_LIST; do
    ping_success_status
    ping_success_status
    ping_success_status
    echo "$IP Ping is failure!"
done

 

12.7 监控CPU、内存和硬盘利用率

1）CPU

借助vmstat工具来分析CPU统计信息。

#!/bin/bash
DATE=$(date +%F" "%H:%M)
IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |awk -F '[ :]+' '/inet addr/{print $4}')  # 只支持CentOS6
MAIL="example@mail.com"
if ! which vmstat &>/dev/null; then
    echo "vmstat command no found, Please install procps package."
    exit 1
fi
US=$(vmstat |awk 'NR==3{print $13}')
SY=$(vmstat |awk 'NR==3{print $14}')
IDLE=$(vmstat |awk 'NR==3{print $15}')
WAIT=$(vmstat |awk 'NR==3{print $16}')
USE=$(($US+$SY))
if [ $USE -ge 50 ]; then
    echo "
    Date: $DATE
    Host: $IP
    Problem: CPU utilization $USE
    " | mail -s "CPU Monitor" $MAIL
fi

 

2）内存

#!/bin/bash
DATE=$(date +%F" "%H:%M)
IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |awk -F '[ :]+' '/inet addr/{print $4}')
MAIL="example@mail.com"
TOTAL=$(free -m |awk '/Mem/{print $2}')
USE=$(free -m |awk '/Mem/{print $3-$6-$7}')
FREE=$(($TOTAL-$USE))
# 内存小于1G发送报警邮件
if [ $FREE -lt 1024 ]; then
    echo "
    Date: $DATE
    Host: $IP
    Problem: Total=$TOTAL,Use=$USE,Free=$FREE
    " | mail -s "Memory Monitor" $MAIL
fi

 

3）硬盘

#!/bin/bash
DATE=$(date +%F" "%H:%M)
IP=$(ifconfig eth0 |awk -F '[ :]+' '/inet addr/{print $4}')
MAIL="example@mail.com"
TOTAL=$(fdisk -l |awk -F'[: ]+' 'BEGIN{OFS="="}/^Disk \/dev/{printf "%s=%sG,",$2,$3}')
PART_USE=$(df -h |awk 'BEGIN{OFS="="}/^\/dev/{print $1,int($5),$6}')
for i in $PART_USE; do
    PART=$(echo $i |cut -d"=" -f1)
    USE=$(echo $i |cut -d"=" -f2)
    MOUNT=$(echo $i |cut -d"=" -f3)
    if [ $USE -gt 80 ]; then
        echo "
        Date: $DATE
        Host: $IP
        Total: $TOTAL
        Problem: $PART=$USE($MOUNT)
        " | mail -s "Disk Monitor" $MAIL
    fi
done

 

12.8 批量主机磁盘利用率监控

前提监控端和被监控端SSH免交互登录或者密钥登录。

写一个配置文件保存被监控主机SSH连接信息，文件内容格式：IP User Port

#!/bin/bash
HOST_INFO=host.info
for IP in $(awk '/^[^#]/{print $1}' $HOST_INFO); do
    USER=$(awk -v ip=$IP 'ip==$1{print $2}' $HOST_INFO)
    PORT=$(awk -v ip=$IP 'ip==$1{print $3}' $HOST_INFO)
    TMP_FILE=/tmp/disk.tmp
    ssh -p $PORT $USER@$IP 'df -h' > $TMP_FILE
    USE_RATE_LIST=$(awk 'BEGIN{OFS="="}/^\/dev/{print $1,int($5)}' $TMP_FILE)
    for USE_RATE in $USE_RATE_LIST; do
        PART_NAME=${USE_RATE%=*}
        USE_RATE=${USE_RATE#*=}
        if [ $USE_RATE -ge 80 ]; then
            echo "Warning: $PART_NAME Partition usage $USE_RATE%!"
        fi
    done
done

 

12.9 检查网站可用性

1）检查URL可用性

方法1：
check_url() {
    HTTP_CODE=$(curl -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 3 -s -w "%{http_code}" $1)
    if [ $HTTP_CODE -ne 200 ]; then
        echo "Warning: $1 Access failure!"
    fi
}
方法2：
check_url() {
if ! wget -T 10 --tries=1 --spider $1 >/dev/null 2>&1; then
#-T超时时间，--tries尝试1次，--spider爬虫模式
        echo "Warning: $1 Access failure!"
    fi
}
使用方法：check_url www.baidu.com

 

2）判断三次URL可用性

思路与上面检查主机存活状态一样。

方法1：利用循环技巧，如果成功就跳出当前循环，否则执行到最后一行
#!/bin/bash
check_url() {
    HTTP_CODE=$(curl -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 3 -s -w "%{http_code}" $1)
    if [ $HTTP_CODE -eq 200 ]; then
        continue
    fi
}
URL_LIST="www.baidu.com www.agasgf.com"
for URL in $URL_LIST; do
    check_url $URL
    check_url $URL
    check_url $URL
    echo "Warning: $URL Access failure!"
done
方法2：错误次数保存到变量
#!/bin/bash
URL_LIST="www.baidu.com www.agasgf.com"
for URL in $URL_LIST; do
    FAIL_COUNT=0
    for ((i=1;i<=3;i++)); do
        HTTP_CODE=$(curl -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 3 -s -w "%{http_code}" $URL)
        if [ $HTTP_CODE -ne 200 ]; then
            let FAIL_COUNT++
        else
            break
        fi
    done
    if [ $FAIL_COUNT -eq 3 ]; then
        echo "Warning: $URL Access failure!"
    fi
done
方法3：错误次数保存到数组
#!/bin/bash
URL_LIST="www.baidu.com www.agasgf.com"
for URL in $URL_LIST; do
    NUM=1
    while [ $NUM -le 3 ]; do
        HTTP_CODE=$(curl -o /dev/null --connect-timeout 3 -s -w "%{http_code}" $URL)
        if [ $HTTP_CODE -ne 200 ]; then
            FAIL_COUNT[$NUM]=$IP  #创建数组，以$NUM下标，$IP元素
            let NUM++
        else
            break
        fi
    done
    if [ ${#FAIL_COUNT[*]} -eq 3 ]; then
        echo "Warning: $URL Access failure!"
        unset FAIL_COUNT[*]    #清空数组
    fi
done

 

12.10 检查MySQL主从同步状态

#!/bin/bash
USER=bak
PASSWD=123456
IO_SQL_STATUS=$(mysql -u$USER -p$PASSWD -e 'show slave status\G' |awk -F: '/Slave_.*_Running/{gsub(": ",":");print $0}')  #gsub去除冒号后面的空格
for i in $IO_SQL_STATUS; do
    THREAD_STATUS_NAME=${i%:*}
    THREAD_STATUS=${i#*:}
    if [ "$THREAD_STATUS" != "Yes" ]; then
        echo "Error: MySQL Master-Slave $THREAD_STATUS_NAME status is $THREAD_STATUS!"
    fi
done