oracle TDE

转自：oracle TDE学习系列 (1) — wallet 使用管理

关于oracle wallet，通常称为oracle钱夹，说的通俗一点，oracle wallet是一个用
口令加密的PKCS#12文件，PKCS#12是一个个人信息交换的语法标准，该公钥密码标准
由RSA security 涉及和发布。

我们知道11g的表空间加密依赖于oracle wallet以及wallet中的密钥，对于wallet分为
如下2种：

1. 手动打开的wallet （每次数据库启动以后，需要手动打开wallet）
2. 启动打开的wallet （每次数据库启动以后会启动打开）

如何设置数据库启动以后wallet启启动呢？很简单，通过owm去修改属性即可。
如果是DG环境，oracle推荐使自动的wallet（11g TDE支持dataguard）

创建wallet的方法分别有如下几种：

  --> 手动调用OWM 进行GUI图形界面进行操作
  --> 手工运行mkstore命令创建
  --> alter system set encryption key identified by "xxxxx";

当然我这里图方便直接调用OWM进行创建了，如果是用mkstore命令，那么如下：

  --> mkstore -wrl /home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet -create
  --> 输入密码（此时的密码是主密钥）
  --> 确认密码

我们这里已经有一个wallet，所以我就直接打开即可，如下：

 

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@";
ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28368: cannot auto-CREATE wallet

如果出现上面错误，那么可以说手工指定wallet路径，添加如下信息到sqlnet.ora中：

 

NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(TNSNAMES,EZCONNECT)
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet )))

当然，这里的method_data路径必须存在，否则会报错：

 

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@";
ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28368: cannot auto-CREATE wallet

错误依旧，突然发现该目录是不存在的，手工mkdir创建以下，即可：

 

[ora11g@11gr2test admin]$ mkdir -p  /home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet
 
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@";
 
System altered.

下面我们手工通过mkstore命令来看看（如下操作我是10204环境中进行）：

 

[ora10g@killdb ~]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -create
 
Enter password: ******
 
Enter password again: ******
 
==== 这里我输入的wallet密码是www.killdb.com ====
 
==== 将数据库用户roger用户认证信息加入到wallet进行管理 ====
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora
 
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /home/ora10g/product/10.2//network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
 
TEST_10G =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.2.110)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = roger)
    )
  )
 
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SID = PLSExtProc)
      (PRESENTATION = RO)
    )
  )

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_10G roger "roger"
 
Enter wallet password: ******
 
Create credential oracle.security.client.connect_string1
 
==== 这里输入的wallet同样是我们前面的www.killdb.com ====
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_10G scott "tiger"
 
Enter wallet password:
 
Create credential Secret Store error occured: oracle.security.pki.OracleSecretStoreException: Credential already exists
 
==== 报错了，提示存在？====

google了一下，原理是每个连接字符串只能对应一个数据库用户，那我们就收工在tnsnames.ora中再添加一个即可，如下：

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora
 
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /home/ora10g/product/10.2//network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
 
TEST_10G =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.2.110)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = roger)
    )
  )
 
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SID = PLSExtProc)
      (PRESENTATION = RO)
    )
  )
 
TEST_SCOTT =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.2.110)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = roger)
    )
  )

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_SCOTT scott "tiger"
 
Enter wallet password: ******
 
Create credential oracle.security.client.connect_string2
 
==== 创建成功 ====
 
==== 到这里可能有人会问，如何知道哪些用户认证加到wallet了呢？oracle当然也提供了命令，如下：====
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -listCredential
 
Enter wallet password: ******
 
List credential (index: connect_string username)
1: TEST_10G roger
2: TEST_SCOTT scott

我们可以发现，目前有2个数据库用户认证加入到wallet了，那么有什么用处呢？请看：

首先我们还得修改sqlnet.ora，添加如下内容：

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat sqlnet.ora
 
SQLNET.WALLET_OVERRIDE=TRUE
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(TNSNAMES,EZCONNECT)
WALLET_LOCATION=(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet)))

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott
 
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:26:27 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved.
 
Connected TO:
Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production
WITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options
 
SQL> SHOW USER
USER IS "SCOTT"
 
==== 我们可以发现，实现无密码登陆 ====
 
到最后，我想大家会跟我一样还会有个疑问，那就是：如果scott用户更改密码了呢？
那还会有用吗？如果没用的话，是不是需要重建用户的认证呢？
答案是否，oracle还提供了MODIFY功能，如下：
 
SQL> SHOW USER
USER IS "SCOTT"
 
SQL> ALTER USER scott IDENTIFIED BY scott;
 
USER altered.
 
SQL> exit
 
Disconnected FROM Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production
WITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott
 
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:29:41 2011
 
Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved.
 
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
 
Enter user-name:
 
 
==== 下面进行修改wallet中的scott用户密码认证：====
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet/ -modifyCredential TEST_SCOTT scott "scott"
 
Enter wallet password:
 
MODIFY credential
MODIFY 2
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott
 
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:31:51 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved.
 
Connected TO:
Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production
WITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options
 
==== 既然有了MODIFY，那是否有DELETE呢？当然有，如下：====
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet/ -deleteCredential TEST_SCOTT
 
Enter wallet password: ******
 
DELETE credential
DELETE 2
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -listCredential
 
Enter wallet password: ******
 
List credential (INDEX: connect_string username)
1: TEST_10G roger

最后来看看如何设置新的密钥？首先这里我们要弄清楚2个概念：

wallet密码跟我们这里要修改的master key不是一个东西，wallet密码仅仅是你登陆owm或进行wallet
时需要输入的密码，而master key是存在wallet中，用于加密解密数据库的加密列或加密表空间的。

另外还有一个表密钥，如果一个表有多个列需要进行加密，那么在该表上也只会生成一个表级密钥，
当前段用户从该表中取回数据时，会首先取出表密钥然后再取出存在wallet中的master key进行对
表密钥的解密，最后用解密后的表密钥去解密加密的列或表空间数据，最终返回明文数据给用户。

更改wallet key很简单，可以通过owm gui界面进行或如下命令：

orapki wallet change_pwd -wallet <wallet_location>

这里主要测试下master key的更改。

 

SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
 
WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS
-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------
file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               CLOSED
 
SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";
 
System altered.
 
SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
 
WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS
-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------
file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               OPEN
 
SQL> conn roger/roger
Connected.
 
SQL> CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10));
CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10))
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28361: master KEY NOT yet SET
 
 
SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";
 
System altered.
 
SQL> CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10));
 
TABLE created.
 
SQL> INSERT INTO ht01 VALUES(1314,'killdb');
 
1 ROW created.
 
SQL> commit;
 
Commit complete.
 
SQL> SELECT * FROM DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;
 
OWNER        TABLE_NAME       COLUMN_NAME      ENCRYPTION_ALG                SAL INTEGRITY_AL
------------ ---------------- ---------------- ----------------------------- --- ------------
ROGER        HT01             ID               AES 192 bits KEY              YES SHA-1
 
SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY  IDENTIFIED BY "oraclemaster";
ALTER system SET encryption KEY  IDENTIFIED BY "oraclemaster"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28353: failed TO OPEN wallet
 
SQL>  SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
 
WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS
-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------
file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               CLOSED
 
SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";
 
System altered.
 
SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;
 
WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS
-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------
file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               OPEN
 
SQL>  SELECT obj#, mkeyid FROM sys.enc$;
 
      OBJ# MKEYID
---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
     51809 AcNbIDu9IE+6vzrrVp/L4qcAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 
SQL> SELECT owner,object_name FROM dba_objects WHERE object_id=51809;
 
OWNER                          OBJECT_NAME
------------------------------ --------------------------------------------
ROGER                          HT01
 
SQL> SELECT obj#, mkeyid FROM sys.enc$;
 
      OBJ# MKEYID
---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
     51809 AcNbIDu9IE+6vzrrVp/L4qcAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 
SQL> SHOW USER
USER IS "ROGER"
 
SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";
 
System altered.
 
SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid
  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b
  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#;
 
OWNER     OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID
--------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------
ROGER     HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 
SQL>
 
++++ 我们可以看到，master KEY已经更改。++++
++++ 当然，当我们更改了master KEY以后，我们最好也同时更改下表级密钥。++++
 
SQL> SELECT * FROM ht01;
 
        ID NAME
---------- ----------
      1314 killdb
 
SQL> ALTER TABLE ht01  rekey;
 
TABLE altered.
 
SQL> SELECT * FROM ht01;
 
        ID NAME
---------- ----------
      1314 killdb
 
SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid
  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b
  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#;
 
OWNER              OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID
------------------ --------------- -------------------------------------------------------
ROGER              HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 
SQL> ALTER TABLE ht01  rekey;
 
TABLE altered.
 
SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid
  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b
  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#;
 
OWNER              OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID
------------------ --------------- -------------------------------------------------------
ROGER              HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 
 
+++++ 既然wallet如此重要，那如何备份wallet？++++++
 
SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet close IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";
ALTER system SET encryption wallet close IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"
                                         *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28364: invalid wallet operation
 
SQL> ALTER system SET wallet close;
 
System altered.
 
SQL> ALTER system SET wallet close;
 
System altered.
 
SQL> !

[ora10g@killdb ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/net*/admin
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ ls -ltr
 
total 48
-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  172 Dec 26  2003 shrept.lst
drwxr-x---  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Sep 24 05:11 samples
drwx------  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Oct 12 08:06 wallet
-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  488 Oct 12 08:08 listener.ora
-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  712 Oct 12 08:20 tnsnames.ora
-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  181 Oct 12 08:25 sqlnet.ora
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mv wallet wallet_old
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ ls -ltr
 
total 48
-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  172 Dec 26  2003 shrept.lst
drwxr-x---  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Sep 24 05:11 samples
drwx------  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Oct 12 08:06 wallet_old
-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  488 Oct 12 08:08 listener.ora
-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  712 Oct 12 08:20 tnsnames.ora
-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  181 Oct 12 08:25 sqlnet.ora
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ exit
exit

SQL> SELECT * FROM roger.ht01;
SELECT * FROM roger.ht01
                    *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet IS NOT OPEN
 
 
SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";
ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28367: wallet does NOT exist
 
SQL> !
 
 
[ora10g@killdb ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/net*/admin
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mv wallet_old wallet
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ exit
exit
 
SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";
 
System altered.
 
SQL> SELECT * FROM roger.ht01;
 
        ID NAME
---------- ----------
      1314 killdb
 
==== 对于wallet的备份，我们可以直接拷贝即可如下，当然我这里直接mv测试：====
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cp -r wallet wallet_20111113

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