*:first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important; }
body > *:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important; }

a {
color: #4183C4; }
a.absent {
color: #cc0000; }
a.anchor {
display: block;
padding-left: 30px;
margin-left: -30px;
cursor: pointer;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0; }

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
margin: 20px 0 10px;
padding: 0;
font-weight: bold;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
cursor: text;
position: relative; }

h1:hover a.anchor, h2:hover a.anchor, h3:hover a.anchor, h4:hover a.anchor, h5:hover a.anchor, h6:hover a.anchor {
background: url(data:image/png;base64,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) no-repeat 10px center;
text-decoration: none; }

h1 tt, h1 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h2 tt, h2 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h3 tt, h3 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h4 tt, h4 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h5 tt, h5 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h6 tt, h6 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h1 {
font-size: 28px;
color: black; }

h2 {
font-size: 24px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
color: black; }

h3 {
font-size: 18px; }

h4 {
font-size: 16px; }

h5 {
font-size: 14px; }

h6 {
color: #777777;
font-size: 14px; }

p, blockquote, ul, ol, dl, li, table, pre {
margin: 15px 0; }

hr {
background: transparent url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAYAAAAECAYAAACtBE5DAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAyJpVFh0WE1MOmNvbS5hZG9iZS54bXAAAAAAADw/eHBhY2tldCBiZWdpbj0i77u/IiBpZD0iVzVNME1wQ2VoaUh6cmVTek5UY3prYzlkIj8+IDx4OnhtcG1ldGEgeG1sbnM6eD0iYWRvYmU6bnM6bWV0YS8iIHg6eG1wdGs9IkFkb2JlIFhNUCBDb3JlIDUuMC1jMDYwIDYxLjEzNDc3NywgMjAxMC8wMi8xMi0xNzozMjowMCAgICAgICAgIj4gPHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj4gPHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9IiIgeG1sbnM6eG1wPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvIiB4bWxuczp4bXBNTT0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wL21tLyIgeG1sbnM6c3RSZWY9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9zVHlwZS9SZXNvdXJjZVJlZiMiIHhtcDpDcmVhdG9yVG9vbD0iQWRvYmUgUGhvdG9zaG9wIENTNSBNYWNpbnRvc2giIHhtcE1NOkluc3RhbmNlSUQ9InhtcC5paWQ6OENDRjNBN0E2NTZBMTFFMEI3QjRBODM4NzJDMjlGNDgiIHhtcE1NOkRvY3VtZW50SUQ9InhtcC5kaWQ6OENDRjNBN0I2NTZBMTFFMEI3QjRBODM4NzJDMjlGNDgiPiA8eG1wTU06RGVyaXZlZEZyb20gc3RSZWY6aW5zdGFuY2VJRD0ieG1wLmlpZDo4Q0NGM0E3ODY1NkExMUUwQjdCNEE4Mzg3MkMyOUY0OCIgc3RSZWY6ZG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDo4Q0NGM0E3OTY1NkExMUUwQjdCNEE4Mzg3MkMyOUY0OCIvPiA8L3JkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbj4gPC9yZGY6UkRGPiA8L3g6eG1wbWV0YT4gPD94cGFja2V0IGVuZD0iciI/PqqezsUAAAAfSURBVHjaYmRABcYwBiM2QSA4y4hNEKYDQxAEAAIMAHNGAzhkPOlYAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) repeat-x 0 0;
border: 0 none;
color: #cccccc;
height: 4px;
padding: 0;
}

body > h2:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h1:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h1:first-child + h2 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h3:first-child, body > h4:first-child, body > h5:first-child, body > h6:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }

a:first-child h1, a:first-child h2, a:first-child h3, a:first-child h4, a:first-child h5, a:first-child h6 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }

h1 p, h2 p, h3 p, h4 p, h5 p, h6 p {
margin-top: 0; }

li p.first {
display: inline-block; }
li {
margin: 0; }
ul, ol {
padding-left: 30px; }

ul :first-child, ol :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }

dl {
padding: 0; }
dl dt {
font-size: 14px;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0 5px; }
dl dt:first-child {
padding: 0; }
dl dt > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl dt > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }
dl dd {
margin: 0 0 15px;
padding: 0 15px; }
dl dd > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl dd > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }

blockquote {
border-left: 4px solid #dddddd;
padding: 0 15px;
color: #777777; }
blockquote > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
blockquote > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }

table {
padding: 0;border-collapse: collapse; }
table tr {
border-top: 1px solid #cccccc;
background-color: white;
margin: 0;
padding: 0; }
table tr:nth-child(2n) {
background-color: #f8f8f8; }
table tr th {
font-weight: bold;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
margin: 0;
padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr td {
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
margin: 0;
padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr th :first-child, table tr td :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
table tr th :last-child, table tr td :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }

img {
max-width: 100%; }

span.frame {
display: block;
overflow: hidden; }
span.frame > span {
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
display: block;
float: left;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px 0 0;
padding: 7px;
width: auto; }
span.frame span img {
display: block;
float: left; }
span.frame span span {
clear: both;
color: #333333;
display: block;
padding: 5px 0 0; }
span.align-center {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
clear: both; }
span.align-center > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px auto 0;
text-align: center; }
span.align-center span img {
margin: 0 auto;
text-align: center; }
span.align-right {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
clear: both; }
span.align-right > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px 0 0;
text-align: right; }
span.align-right span img {
margin: 0;
text-align: right; }
span.float-left {
display: block;
margin-right: 13px;
overflow: hidden;
float: left; }
span.float-left span {
margin: 13px 0 0; }
span.float-right {
display: block;
margin-left: 13px;
overflow: hidden;
float: right; }
span.float-right > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px auto 0;
text-align: right; }

code, tt {
margin: 0 2px;
padding: 0 5px;
white-space: nowrap;
border: 1px solid #eaeaea;
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border-radius: 3px; }

pre code {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
white-space: pre;
border: none;
background: transparent; }

.highlight pre {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 19px;
overflow: auto;
padding: 6px 10px;
border-radius: 3px; }

pre {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 19px;
overflow: auto;
padding: 6px 10px;
border-radius: 3px; }
pre code, pre tt {
background-color: transparent;
border: none; }

sup {
font-size: 0.83em;
vertical-align: super;
line-height: 0;
}
* {
-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 914px) {
body {
width: 854px;
margin:0 auto;
}
}
@media print {
table, pre {
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
pre {
word-wrap: break-word;
}
}
-->

内存管理简介

本小节知识点:

  1. 【了解】内存管理的重要性
  2. 【理解】什么是内存管理
  3. 【掌握】堆和栈

1.内存管理的重要性

  • 移动设备的内存极其有限,每个app所能占用的内存是有限制的

  • 下列行为都会增加一个app的内存占用

    • 创建一个OC对象
    • 定义一个变量
    • 调用一个函数或者方法
  • 当app所占用的内存较多时,系统会发出内存警告,这时得回收一些不需要再使用的内存空间。比如回收一些不需要使用的对象、变量等

  • 如果app占用内存过大, 系统可能会强制关闭app, 造成闪退现象, 影响用户体验


2.什么是内存管理

  • 如何回收那些不需要再使用的对象?

    • 那就得学会OC的内存管理
  • 所谓内存管理, 就是对内存进行管理, 涉及的操作有:

    • 分配内存 : 比如创建一个对象, 会增加内存占用
    • 清除内存 : 比如销毁一个对象, 能减小内存占用
  • 内存管理的管理范围

    • 任何继承了NSObject的对象
    • 对其他非对象类型无效(int、char、float、double、struct、enum等 )
  • 只有OC对象才需要进行内存管理的本质原因

    • OC对象存放于堆里面
    • 非OC对象一般放在栈里面(栈内存会被系统自动回收)

3.堆和栈

  • 栈(操作系统):由操作系统自动分配释放,存放函数的参数值,局部变量的值等。其操作方式类似于数据结构中的栈(先进后出);

  • 堆(操作系统):一般由程序员分配释放,若程序员不释放,程序结束时可能由OS回收,分配方式类似于链表。

  • 示例:


int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
@autoreleasepool {
int a = 10; // 栈
int b = 20; // 栈
// p : 栈
// Person对象(计数器==1) : 堆
Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
}
// 经过上一行代码后, 栈里面的变量a\b\c都会被回收
// 但是堆里面的Person对象还会留在内存中,因为它是计数器依然是1
return 0;
}

*:first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important; }
body > *:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important; }

a {
color: #4183C4; }
a.absent {
color: #cc0000; }
a.anchor {
display: block;
padding-left: 30px;
margin-left: -30px;
cursor: pointer;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0; }

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
margin: 20px 0 10px;
padding: 0;
font-weight: bold;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
cursor: text;
position: relative; }

h1:hover a.anchor, h2:hover a.anchor, h3:hover a.anchor, h4:hover a.anchor, h5:hover a.anchor, h6:hover a.anchor {
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text-decoration: none; }

h1 tt, h1 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h2 tt, h2 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h3 tt, h3 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h4 tt, h4 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h5 tt, h5 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h6 tt, h6 code {
font-size: inherit; }

h1 {
font-size: 28px;
color: black; }

h2 {
font-size: 24px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
color: black; }

h3 {
font-size: 18px; }

h4 {
font-size: 16px; }

h5 {
font-size: 14px; }

h6 {
color: #777777;
font-size: 14px; }

p, blockquote, ul, ol, dl, li, table, pre {
margin: 15px 0; }

hr {
background: transparent url(data:image/png;base64,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) repeat-x 0 0;
border: 0 none;
color: #cccccc;
height: 4px;
padding: 0;
}

body > h2:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h1:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h1:first-child + h2 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h3:first-child, body > h4:first-child, body > h5:first-child, body > h6:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }

a:first-child h1, a:first-child h2, a:first-child h3, a:first-child h4, a:first-child h5, a:first-child h6 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }

h1 p, h2 p, h3 p, h4 p, h5 p, h6 p {
margin-top: 0; }

li p.first {
display: inline-block; }
li {
margin: 0; }
ul, ol {
padding-left: 30px; }

ul :first-child, ol :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }

dl {
padding: 0; }
dl dt {
font-size: 14px;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0 5px; }
dl dt:first-child {
padding: 0; }
dl dt > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl dt > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }
dl dd {
margin: 0 0 15px;
padding: 0 15px; }
dl dd > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl dd > :last-child {
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引用计数器

本小节知识点:

  1. 【理解】什么是引用计数器
  2. 【理解】引用计数器的作用
  3. 【理解】引用计数器的操作

1.什么是引用计数器

  • 系统是如何判断什么时候需要回收一个对象所占用的内存?

    • 根据对象的引用计数器
  • 什么是引用计数器

    • 每个OC对象都有自己的引用计数器
    • 它是一个整数
    • 从字面上, 可以理解为”对象被引用的次数”
    • 也可以理解为: 它表示有多少人正在用这个对象


2.引用计数器的作用

  • 简单来说, 可以理解为:

    • 引用计数器表示有多少人正在使用这个对象
  • 当没有任何人使用这个对象时, 系统才会回收这个对象, 也就是说

    • 当对象的引用计数器为0时,对象占用的内存就会被系统回收
    • 如果对象的计数器不为0,那么在整个程序运行过程,它占用的内存就不可能被回收(除非整个程序已经退出 )
  • 任何一个对象, 刚生下来的时候, 引用计数器都为1

    • 当使用alloc、new或者copy创建一个对象时,对象的引用计数器默认就是1

3.引用计数器的操作

  • 要想管理对象占用的内存, 就得学会操作对象的引用计数器

  • 引用计数器的常见操作

    • 给对象发送一条retain消息,可以使引用计数器值+1(retain方法返回对象本身)
    • 给对象发送一条release消息, 可以使引用计数器值-1
    • 给对象发送retainCount消息, 可以获得当前的引用计数器值
  • 需要注意的是: release并不代表销毁\回收对象, 仅仅是计数器-1


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dealloc方法

本小节知识点:

  1. 【掌握】dealloc方法基本概念

1.dealloc方法基本概念

  • 当一个对象的引用计数器值为0时,这个对象即将被销毁,其占用的内存被系统回收
  • 对象即将被销毁时系统会自动给对象发送一条dealloc消息 (因此, 从dealloc方法有没有被调用,就可以判断出对象是否被销毁)

  • dealloc方法的重写

    • 一般会重写dealloc方法,在这里释放相关资源,dealloc就是对象的遗言
    • 一旦重写了dealloc方法, 就必须调用[super dealloc],并且放在最后面调用
  • 使用注意

    • 不能直接调用dealloc方法
    • 一旦对象被回收了, 它占用的内存就不再可用,坚持使用会导致程序崩溃(野指针错误)

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background: transparent url(data:image/png;base64,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) repeat-x 0 0;
border: 0 none;
color: #cccccc;
height: 4px;
padding: 0;
}

body > h2:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h1:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h1:first-child + h2 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h3:first-child, body > h4:first-child, body > h5:first-child, body > h6:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }

a:first-child h1, a:first-child h2, a:first-child h3, a:first-child h4, a:first-child h5, a:first-child h6 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }

h1 p, h2 p, h3 p, h4 p, h5 p, h6 p {
margin-top: 0; }

li p.first {
display: inline-block; }
li {
margin: 0; }
ul, ol {
padding-left: 30px; }

ul :first-child, ol :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }

dl {
padding: 0; }
dl dt {
font-size: 14px;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0 5px; }
dl dt:first-child {
padding: 0; }
dl dt > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl dt > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }
dl dd {
margin: 0 0 15px;
padding: 0 15px; }
dl dd > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl dd > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }

blockquote {
border-left: 4px solid #dddddd;
padding: 0 15px;
color: #777777; }
blockquote > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
blockquote > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }

table {
padding: 0;border-collapse: collapse; }
table tr {
border-top: 1px solid #cccccc;
background-color: white;
margin: 0;
padding: 0; }
table tr:nth-child(2n) {
background-color: #f8f8f8; }
table tr th {
font-weight: bold;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
margin: 0;
padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr td {
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
margin: 0;
padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr th :first-child, table tr td :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
table tr th :last-child, table tr td :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }

img {
max-width: 100%; }

span.frame {
display: block;
overflow: hidden; }
span.frame > span {
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
display: block;
float: left;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px 0 0;
padding: 7px;
width: auto; }
span.frame span img {
display: block;
float: left; }
span.frame span span {
clear: both;
color: #333333;
display: block;
padding: 5px 0 0; }
span.align-center {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
clear: both; }
span.align-center > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px auto 0;
text-align: center; }
span.align-center span img {
margin: 0 auto;
text-align: center; }
span.align-right {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
clear: both; }
span.align-right > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px 0 0;
text-align: right; }
span.align-right span img {
margin: 0;
text-align: right; }
span.float-left {
display: block;
margin-right: 13px;
overflow: hidden;
float: left; }
span.float-left span {
margin: 13px 0 0; }
span.float-right {
display: block;
margin-left: 13px;
overflow: hidden;
float: right; }
span.float-right > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px auto 0;
text-align: right; }

code, tt {
margin: 0 2px;
padding: 0 5px;
white-space: nowrap;
border: 1px solid #eaeaea;
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border-radius: 3px; }

pre code {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
white-space: pre;
border: none;
background: transparent; }

.highlight pre {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 19px;
overflow: auto;
padding: 6px 10px;
border-radius: 3px; }

pre {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 19px;
overflow: auto;
padding: 6px 10px;
border-radius: 3px; }
pre code, pre tt {
background-color: transparent;
border: none; }

sup {
font-size: 0.83em;
vertical-align: super;
line-height: 0;
}
* {
-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 914px) {
body {
width: 854px;
margin:0 auto;
}
}
@media print {
table, pre {
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
pre {
word-wrap: break-word;
}
}
-->

野指针\空指针

本小节知识点:

  1. 【掌握】什么是僵尸对象
  2. 【掌握】什么是野指针
  3. 【掌握】什么是空指针

1.僵尸对象

  • 已经被销毁的对象(不能再使用的对象)

2.野指针

  • 指向僵尸对象(不可用内存)的指针
  • 给野指针发消息会报EXCBADACCESS错误

3.空指针

  • 没有指向存储空间的指针(里面存的是nil, 也就是0)
  • 给空指针发消息是没有任何反应的

  • 为了避免野指针错误的常见办法

    • 在对象被销毁之后, 将指向对象的指针变为空指针

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