Python学习day06-流程控制之while和for循环

while循环

1. 语法

  • 循环即是一个重复的过程,让计算机重复性的做一件事情,而while循环就是让计算机重复做一件事情的一种方式,只要条件满足,就不断循环,条件不满足时退出循环,所以又称为条件循环。

2. while+break,while+continue

  • 在循环中,break语句可以提前退出循环,而且不会自动运行下一次循环,而continue则是跳出此次循环,继续进行下一次循环。具体示例如下代码:

     
     
     
    1. xxxxxxxxxx
    8
     
     
     
     
    1
    2
    1. n = 1
    3
    1. while n <= 10 :
    4
    1. print(n,end = '')
    5
    1. n = n+1
    6
    1. if n == 5:
    7
    1. break
    8
    1. print('END')
     
     
    • 这段代码的执行结果就是

      1234END

      显然就是到n == 5的时候遇到了break,会跳出循环,并不在执行。

    再来看一个continue的例子

     
     
     
    1. xxxxxxxxxx
    7
     
     
     
     
    1
    1. n = 1
    2
    1. while n <= 10 :
    3
    1. n = n+1
    4
    1. if n == 5 :
    5
    1. continue
    6
    1. print(n)
    7
    1. print('END')
     
     
    • 上面这段代码的运行结果就是

      23467891011END

      显然,没有5,即n = 5的时候执行了continue,跳过了下面的print(n),所以没打印5,但是会继续执行循环,所以5之后的值还是会打印出来。所以continue的作用即是提前结束本轮循环,继续执行下一轮循环。

3. while的嵌套

  • 通常用于多层判断的一些系统,比如银行ATM机取钱存钱的一些命令,内层while嵌套可以实现其退出循环并退出系统的目的。

for循环

1. 语法

  • for循环和while循环的一个比较大的不同就是while的循环次数需要自己控制,但是for的循环次数是按照索引取值来判断的。所以while有可能会进入死循环,而for不会,所以用for来写循环代码更稳定。

  • 但是for也有不足,while循环内可以加世间万物,即所有的数据,但凡有布尔值的,都可以放在while循环里,但是for只能对容器内的数据类型循环,即字符串,列表和字典,并且可以迭代,别的数据类型是不能作为for的循环条件的。

    例程如下:

     
     
     
    1. xxxxxxxxxx
    2
     
     
     
     
    1
    1. for i in range(1, 10):  # range顾头不顾尾
    2
    1.    print(i)
     
     
    • 其实上述代码中的i可以不使用,其只是在循环中其一个循环标签的作用,即便输出中没有i也不会影响循环

2. for+break,for+continue

  • 用法类似于while,可以参考上文

3. 小实例,for循环实现loading

  • 需要注意的是,该实例只能在Jupyter中实现,pycharm由于其优化的功能并不能看出loading后面省略号缓缓出现这一效果,而是在延迟过后一次性出现。

    例程如下:

     
     
     
    1. xxxxxxxxxx
    6
     
     
     
     
    1
    1. import time
    2
    3
    1. print('Loading', end='')
    4
    1. for i in range(6):
    5
    1.   print(".", end='')
    6
    1.   time.sleep(0.2)
     
     
    • 上述代码中time.sleep即为time模块自带的延时函数,后面为延时时间,日后在不同的场景中可以用得到。

一个非常有趣的\r

  • 在我们日常码代码的过程中,print用的再多不过了,但print里的一些参数相信大家有的还是不甚了解,今天要说的是\r这样一个小参数

     
     
     
    1. xxxxxxxxxx
    1
     
     
     
     
    1
    1. print('\rXu')
     
     

    上述代码的输出结果就是Xu,没有任何问题,那么他的特殊性在哪呢?

    再来一段代码

     
     
     
    1. x
     
     
     
     
    1
    1. print('\rXu')
    2
    1. print('\rXu')
    3
    1. print('\rXu')
    4
    1. print('\rXu')
     
     

    猜一下结果是什么?没错,结果就是

    Xu

  • Xu

  • Xu

  • Xu

    还是没有就任何特殊的,莫不成笔者在耍你们?

    不不不,再看一段

     
     
     
    1. x
     
     
     
     
    1
    1. print('\rXu',end = '')
    2
    1. print('\rXu',end = '')
    3
    1. print('\rXu',end = '')
    4
    1. print('\rXu',end = '')
     
     

    我们都知道end = ‘’的定义方法是让该行输出之后不换行,所以,上面这段程序结果是什么?

    Xu

    没错,你没有看错,只有一个Xu,为什么呢?

    结果就是\r加在print当中,原位打印的意思,也就是覆盖上一次打印的位置,而且仅限当前行。所以这就是为什么在有换行的情况下\r并没有什么效果。

    我们可以来看下print的源码

     
     
     
    1. xxxxxxxxxx
    1
     
     
     
     
    1
    1. def print(self, *args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None):
     
     

    上述代码我们不难理解,如果没有end = ‘’,那么他就是\n,也就是换行的意思。

    哇,恍然大明白。

Tips:

循环是让计算机做重复任务的有效的方法。

break语句可以在循环过程中直接退出循环,而continue语句可以提前结束本轮循环,并直接开始下一轮循环。这两个语句通常都必须配合if语句或者while语句使用。

要特别注意,不要滥用breakcontinue语句。breakcontinue会造成代码执行逻辑分叉过多,容易出错。大多数循环并不需要用到breakcontinue语句,上面的两个例子,都可以通过改写循环条件或者修改循环逻辑,去掉breakcontinue语句。

有些时候,如果代码写得有问题,会让程序陷入“死循环”,也就是永远循环下去。这时可以用Ctrl+C退出程序,或者强制结束Python进程。

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