MySql技术内幕之MySQL入门(1)

安装

检查系统中是否已经安装了MySQL

sudo netstat -tap | grep mysql

若没有显示已安装结果，则没有安装。否则表示已经安装。

sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client

安装过程中会让输入密码，记得把密码记住。

关于注释

三种写法：

  • 用#单行注释
  • 用-- 单行注释，注意后面有一空格
  • /* */ 多行注释
mysql> SELECT 1+1;     # 这个注释直到该行结束

mysql> SELECT 1+1;     -- 这个注释直到该行结束

mysql> SELECT 1  /* 这是一个在行中间的注释 */ + 1;

mysql> SELECT 1+

/*

这是一个

多行注释的形式

*/

1;

执行SQL语句

ltq@lab:~$ mysql -u root -p

Enter password:

Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 7

Server version: 5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 (Ubuntu)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> SELECT NOW();  # 查询当前日期和时间，使用分号终止语句

+---------------------+

| NOW()               |

+---------------------+

| 2017-10-20 22:07:14 |

+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT NOW()\g  # 查询当前日期和时间，使用\g终止语句

+---------------------+

| NOW()               |

+---------------------+

| 2017-10-20 22:07:56 |

+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT NOW(), USER(), VERSION()\g  # 查询时间，用户，系统版本，并在一列展示

+---------------------+----------------+-------------------------+

| NOW()               | USER()         | VERSION()               |

+---------------------+----------------+-------------------------+

| 2017-10-20 22:08:28 | root@localhost | 5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 |

+---------------------+----------------+-------------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT NOW(), USER(), VERSION()\G  #查询时间，用户，系统版本，并在一行展示

*************************** 1. row ***************************

    NOW(): 2017-10-20 22:08:43

   USER(): root@localhost

VERSION(): 5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT NOW(),

    -> USER(),

    -> VERSION()\G  # 在多行输入

*************************** 1. row ***************************

    NOW(): 2017-10-20 22:18:44

   USER(): root@localhost

VERSION(): 5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT NOW(),

    -> USER(),

    -> \c   # 使用\c表示不执行上述语句

mysql> SELECT NOW(); SELECT USER(); SELECT VERSION();  # 在一行输入多条语句

+---------------------+

| NOW()               |

+---------------------+

| 2017-10-20 22:21:38 |

+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+----------------+

| USER()         |

+----------------+

| root@localhost |

+----------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

+-------------------------+

| VERSION()               |

+-------------------------+

| 5.7.19-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 |

+-------------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

关于命令大小写

一般用大写字母表示SQL关键字和函数名；

用小写字母表示数据库，表和列的名字。

创建数据库

mysql> CREATE DATABASE sampdb;  # 创建数据库

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT DATABASE();  # 查看当前数据库，结果为NULL

+------------+

| DATABASE() |

+------------+

| NULL       |

+------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> USE sampdb;   # 把sampdb设置为当前默认选择的数据库

Database changed

mysql> SELECT DATABASE(); # 查看当前数据库，结果为NULL

+------------+

| DATABASE() |

+------------+

| sampdb     |

+------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> source create_president.sql  # 如果已经在终端cd到create_president.sql路径下，那么则可运行该语句

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)

补充，文件create_president.sql的内容如下：

# Create president table for U.S. Historical League

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS president;

#@ _CREATE_TABLE_

CREATE TABLE president

(

  last_name  VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,

  first_name VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,

  suffix     VARCHAR(5) NULL,

  city       VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,

  state      VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL,

  birth      DATE NOT NULL,

  death      DATE NULL

);

#@ _CREATE_TABLE_

查看表的信息

mysql> DESCRIBE president;  # 查看president表的结构

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field      | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| last_name  | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| first_name | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| suffix     | varchar(5)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

| city       | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| state      | varchar(2)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| birth      | date        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| death      | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> DESC president; # DESCRIBE的简写为DESC

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field      | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| last_name  | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| first_name | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| suffix     | varchar(5)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

| city       | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| state      | varchar(2)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| birth      | date        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| death      | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> EXPLAIN president;

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field      | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| last_name  | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| first_name | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| suffix     | varchar(5)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

| city       | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| state      | varchar(2)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| birth      | date        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| death      | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM president;

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field      | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| last_name  | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| first_name | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| suffix     | varchar(5)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

| city       | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| state      | varchar(2)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| birth      | date        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| death      | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW FIELDS FROM president;

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field      | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| last_name  | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| first_name | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| suffix     | varchar(5)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

| city       | varchar(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| state      | varchar(2)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| birth      | date        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| death      | date        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看更加详细的信息

mysql> SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM president;  # SHOW FULL COLUMNS 比 SHOW COLUMNS显示更多的信息

+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+

| Field      | Type        | Collation         | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges                      | Comment |

+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+

| last_name  | varchar(15) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO   |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |

| first_name | varchar(15) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO   |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |

| suffix     | varchar(5)  | latin1_swedish_ci | YES  |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |

| city       | varchar(20) | latin1_swedish_ci | NO   |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |

| state      | varchar(2)  | latin1_swedish_ci | NO   |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |

| birth      | date        | NULL              | NO   |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |

| death      | date        | NULL              | YES  |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |

+------------+-------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看与给定模式相匹配的列

如果需要对所查找的信息加以限定，

mysql> DESCRIBE president '%name';  # 查找名称中包含name的项

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field      | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| last_name  | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| first_name | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW FIELDS FROM president like '%name';  # 查找名称中包含name的项，另外一种写法

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field      | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| last_name  | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| first_name | varchar(15) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

插入数据

利用insert添加行

一次添加一行数据：

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Washington','George',NULL,'Wakefield','VA','1732-02-22','1799-12-14');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Adams','John',NULL,'Braintree','MA','1735-10-30','1826-07-04');

一次添加多行数据：

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Jefferson','Thomas',NULL,'Albemarle County','VA','1743-04-13','1826-07-04'), ('Madison','James',NULL,'Port Conway','VA','1751-03-16','1836-06-28');

利用文件添加新行

mysql> source insert_president.sql

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

补充，文件source insert_president.sql内容如下：

DELETE FROM president;

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Washington','George',NULL,'Wakefield','VA','1732-02-22','1799-12-14');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Adams','John',NULL,'Braintree','MA','1735-10-30','1826-07-04');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Jefferson','Thomas',NULL,'Albemarle County','VA','1743-04-13','1826-07-04');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Madison','James',NULL,'Port Conway','VA','1751-03-16','1836-06-28');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Monroe','James',NULL,'Westmoreland County','VA','1758-04-28','1831-07-04');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Adams','John Quincy',NULL,'Braintree','MA','1767-07-11','1848-02-23');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Jackson','Andrew',NULL,'Waxhaw settlement','SC','1767-03-15','1845-06-08');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Van Buren','Martin',NULL,'Kinderhook','NY','1782-12-05','1862-07-24');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Harrison','William H.',NULL,'Berkeley','VA','1773-02-09','1841-04-04');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Tyler','John',NULL,'Greenway','VA','1790-03-29','1862-01-18');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Polk','James K.',NULL,'Pineville','NC','1795-11-02','1849-06-15');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Taylor','Zachary',NULL,'Orange County','VA','1784-11-24','1850-07-09');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Fillmore','Millard',NULL,'Locke','NY','1800-01-07','1874-03-08');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Pierce','Franklin',NULL,'Hillsboro','NH','1804-11-23','1869-10-08');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Buchanan','James',NULL,'Mercersburg','PA','1791-04-23','1868-06-01');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Lincoln','Abraham',NULL,'Hodgenville','KY','1809-02-12','1865-04-15');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Johnson','Andrew',NULL,'Raleigh','NC','1808-12-29','1875-07-31');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Grant','Ulysses S.',NULL,'Point Pleasant','OH','1822-04-27','1885-07-23');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Hayes','Rutherford B.',NULL,'Delaware','OH','1822-10-04','1893-01-17');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Garfield','James A.',NULL,'Orange','OH','1831-11-19','1881-09-19');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Arthur','Chester A.',NULL,'Fairfield','VT','1829-10-05','1886-11-18');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Cleveland','Grover',NULL,'Caldwell','NJ','1837-03-18','1908-06-24');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Harrison','Benjamin',NULL,'North Bend','OH','1833-08-20','1901-03-13');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('McKinley','William',NULL,'Niles','OH','1843-01-29','1901-09-14');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Roosevelt','Theodore',NULL,'New York','NY','1858-10-27','1919-01-06');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Taft','William H.',NULL,'Cincinnati','OH','1857-09-15','1930-03-08');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Wilson','Woodrow',NULL,'Staunton','VA','1856-12-19','1924-02-03');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Harding','Warren G.',NULL,'Blooming Grove','OH','1865-11-02','1923-08-02');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Coolidge','Calvin',NULL,'Plymouth Notch','VT','1872-07-04','1933-01-05');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Hoover','Herbert C.',NULL,'West Branch','IA','1874-08-10','1964-10-20');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Roosevelt','Franklin D.',NULL,'Hyde Park','NY','1882-01-30','1945-04-12');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Truman','Harry S',NULL,'Lamar','MO','1884-05-08','1972-12-26');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Eisenhower','Dwight D.',NULL,'Denison','TX','1890-10-14','1969-03-28');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Kennedy','John F.',NULL,'Brookline','MA','1917-05-29','1963-11-22');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Johnson','Lyndon B.',NULL,'Stonewall','TX','1908-08-27','1973-01-22');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Nixon','Richard M.',NULL,'Yorba Linda','CA','1913-01-09','1994-04-22');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Ford','Gerald R.',NULL,'Omaha','NE','1913-07-14','2006-12-26');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Carter','James E.','Jr.','Plains','GA','1924-10-01',NULL);

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Reagan','Ronald W.',NULL,'Tampico','IL','1911-02-06','2004-06-05');

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Bush','George H.W.',NULL,'Milton','MA','1924-06-12',NULL);

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Clinton','William J.',NULL,'Hope','AR','1946-08-19',NULL);

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Bush','George W.',NULL,'New Haven','CT','1946-07-06',NULL);

INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Obama','Barack H.',NULL,'Honolulu','HI','1961-08-04',NULL);

总结

登录

mysql -u root -p

本节SQL语句

mysql> SELECT NOW();  # 查询当前日期和时间，使用分号终止语句

mysql> SELECT NOW()\g  # 查询当前日期和时间，使用\g终止语句

mysql> SELECT NOW(), USER(), VERSION()\g  # 查询时间，用户，系统版本，并在一列展示

mysql> SELECT NOW(), USER(), VERSION()\G  #查询时间，用户，系统版本，并在一行展示

mysql> SELECT NOW(); SELECT USER(); SELECT VERSION();  # 在一行输入多条语句

mysql> CREATE DATABASE sampdb;  # 创建数据库

mysql> SELECT DATABASE();  # 查看当前数据库，结果为NULL

mysql> USE sampdb;   # 把sampdb设置为当前默认选择的数据库

mysql> SELECT DATABASE(); # 查看当前数据库，结果为sampdb

mysql> source create_president.sql  # 如果已经在终端cd到create_president.sql路径下，那么则可运行该语句

mysql> DESCRIBE president;  # 查看president表的结构

mysql> DESC president; # DESCRIBE的简写为DESC

mysql> EXPLAIN president;

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM president;

mysql> SHOW FIELDS FROM president;

mysql> SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM president;  # SHOW FULL COLUMNS 比 SHOW COLUMNS显示更多的信息

mysql> DESCRIBE president '%name';  # 查找名称中包含name的项

mysql> SHOW FIELDS FROM president like '%name';  # 查找名称中包含name的项，另外一种写法

mysql> INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Washington','George',NULL,'Wakefield','VA','1732-02-22','1799-12-14');  # 插入数据

mysql> INSERT INTO president VALUES ('Jefferson','Thomas',NULL,'Albemarle County','VA','1743-04-13','1826-07-04'), ('Madison','James',NULL,'Port Conway','VA','1751-03-16','1836-06-28'); # 一次添加多行数据

mysql> source insert_president.sql  # 利用文件添加新行

待补充……

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