mysql五-1:单表查询
一 介绍
本节内容:
查询语法
关键字的执行优先级
简单查询
单条件查询:WHERE
分组查询:GROUP BY
HAVING
查询排序:ORDER BY
限制查询的记录数:LIMIT
使用聚合函数查询
使用正则表达式查询
- company.employee
- 员工id id int
- 姓名 emp_name varchar
- 性别 sex enum
- 年龄 age int
- 入职日期 hire_date date
- 岗位 post varchar
- 职位描述 post_comment varchar
- 薪水 salary double
- 办公室 office int
- 部门编号 depart_id int
- #创建表
- create table employee(
- id int not null unique auto_increment,
- name varchar(20) not null,
- sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
- age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
- hire_date date not null,
- post varchar(50),
- post_comment varchar(100),
- salary double(15,2),
- office int, #一个部门一个屋子
- depart_id int
- );
- #查看表结构
- mysql> desc employee;
- +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
- | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
- | sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
- | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
- | hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
- | post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
- | post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
- | salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
- | office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
- | depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
- +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
- #插入记录
- #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
- insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
- ('egon','male',18,'','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
- ('alex','male',78,'','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
- ('wupeiqi','male',81,'','teacher',8300,401,1),
- ('yuanhao','male',73,'','teacher',3500,401,1),
- ('liwenzhou','male',28,'','teacher',2100,401,1),
- ('jingliyang','female',18,'','teacher',9000,401,1),
- ('jinxin','male',18,'','teacher',30000,401,1),
- ('成龙','male',48,'','teacher',10000,401,1),
- ('歪歪','female',48,'','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
- ('丫丫','female',38,'','sale',2000.35,402,2),
- ('丁丁','female',18,'','sale',1000.37,402,2),
- ('星星','female',18,'','sale',3000.29,402,2),
- ('格格','female',28,'','sale',4000.33,402,2),
- ('张野','male',28,'','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
- ('程咬金','male',18,'','operation',20000,403,3),
- ('程咬银','female',18,'','operation',19000,403,3),
- ('程咬铜','male',18,'','operation',18000,403,3),
- ('程咬铁','female',18,'','operation',17000,403,3)
- ;
二 查询语法
- SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
- WHERE 条件
- GROUP BY field
- HAVING 筛选
- ORDER BY field
- LIMIT 限制条数
三 关键字的执行优先级(重点)
- 重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级
- from
- where
- group by
- having
- select
- distinct
- order by
- limit
1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组
4.按照select后的字段得到一张新的虚拟表,如果有聚合函数,则将组内数据进行聚合
5.将4的结果过滤:having,如果有聚合函数也是先执行聚合再having过滤
6.查出结果:select
7.去重
8.将结果按条件排序:order by
9.限制结果的显示条数
详细见:http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7372774.html
四 简单查询
- #简单查询
- SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id
- FROM employee;
- SELECT * FROM employee;
- SELECT name,salary FROM employee;
- #避免重复DISTINCT
- SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;
- #通过四则运算查询
- SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
- SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
- SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;
- #定义显示格式
- CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
- SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary
- FROM employee;
- CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
- SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary
- FROM employee;
小练习:
- 1 查出所有员工的名字,薪资,格式为
- <名字:egon> <薪资:3000>
- 2 查出所有的岗位(去掉重复)
- 3 查出所有员工名字,以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为annual_year
- select concat('<名字:',name,'> ','<薪资:',salary,'>') from employee;
- select distinct depart_id from employee;
- select name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;
五 WHERE约束
强调:where是一种约束条件,mysql会拿着where指定的条件去表中取数据,而having则是在取出数据后进行过滤
where字句中可以使用:
1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like 'egon%'
pattern可以是%或_,
%表示任意多字符
_表示一个字符
5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
- #1:单条件查询
- SELECT name FROM employee
- WHERE post='sale';
- #2:多条件查询
- SELECT name,salary FROM employee
- WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
- #3:关键字BETWEEN AND
- SELECT name,salary FROM employee
- WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
- SELECT name,salary FROM employee
- WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
- #4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
- SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
- WHERE post_comment IS NULL;
- SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
- WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
- SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
- WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
- ps:
- 执行
- update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
- 再用上条查看,就会有结果了
- #5:关键字IN集合查询
- SELECT name,salary FROM employee
- WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
- SELECT name,salary FROM employee
- WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
- SELECT name,salary FROM employee
- WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
- #6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
- 通配符’%’
- SELECT * FROM employee
- WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';
- 通配符’_’
- SELECT * FROM employee
- WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
- 1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
- 2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
- 3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
- 4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
- 5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
- 6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
- 7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
- select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
- select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30;
- select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
- select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
- select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
- select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
- select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';
六 分组查询:GROUP BY
大前提:可以按照任意字段分组,但分完组后,只能查看分组的那个字段,要想取的组内的其他字段信息,需要借助函数
- 单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
- SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
- 注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数
- GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
- SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
- SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;
- GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
- select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
强调:
- 如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
- 多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
- #!!!MySQL 5.7默认ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY语义介绍
#参考链接:http://www.ywnds.com/?p=8184- #分组查询的常见问题:
- mysql> select id,count from tt group by id;
- ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #2 of SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause and contains nonaggregated column 'test.tt.count' which is
- not functionally dependent on columns in GROUP BY clause; this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by
- #查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下:
- mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
- ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
- #去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式,如下操作:
- mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';
- #!!!注意
- ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的语义就是确定select target list中的所有列的值都是明确语义,简单的说来,在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下,target list中的值要么是来自于聚集函数的结果,要么是来自于group by list中的表达式的值。
- 1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
- 2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
- 3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
- 4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
- 5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
- 6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
- 7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
- #题1:分组
- mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;
- +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
- | post | group_concat(name) |
- +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
- | operation | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁 |
- | sale | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格 |
- | teacher | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙 |
- | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon |
- +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
- #题目2:
- mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
- +-----------------------------------------+-----------+
- | post | count(id) |
- +-----------------------------------------+-----------+
- | operation | 5 |
- | sale | 5 |
- | teacher | 7 |
- | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 1 |
- +-----------------------------------------+-----------+
- #题目3:
- mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
- +--------+-----------+
- | sex | count(id) |
- +--------+-----------+
- | male | 10 |
- | female | 8 |
- +--------+-----------+
- #题目4:
- mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
- +-----------------------------------------+---------------+
- | post | avg(salary) |
- +-----------------------------------------+---------------+
- | operation | 16800.026000 |
- | sale | 2600.294000 |
- | teacher | 151842.901429 |
- | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.330000 |
- +-----------------------------------------+---------------+
- #题目5
- mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
- +-----------------------------------------+-------------+
- | post | max(salary) |
- +-----------------------------------------+-------------+
- | operation | 20000.00 |
- | sale | 4000.33 |
- | teacher | 1000000.31 |
- | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
- +-----------------------------------------+-------------+
- #题目6
- mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
- +-----------------------------------------+-------------+
- | post | min(salary) |
- +-----------------------------------------+-------------+
- | operation | 10000.13 |
- | sale | 1000.37 |
- | teacher | 2100.00 |
- | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
- +-----------------------------------------+-------------+
- #题目七
- mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
- +--------+---------------+
- | sex | avg(salary) |
- +--------+---------------+
- | male | 110920.077000 |
- | female | 7250.183750 |
- +--------+---------------+
七 使用聚合函数查询
先from找到表
再用where的条件约束去表中取出记录
然后进行分组group by,没有分组则默认一组
然后进行聚合
最后select出结果
- 示例:
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
- SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
- SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
- SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
- SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
- SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
八 HAVING过滤
HAVING与WHERE在语法上是一样的
- select * from employee where salary > 10000;
- select * from employee having salary > 10000;
HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!
- #!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > 聚合函数 > having
- #1. Where 是一个约束声明,使用Where约束来自数据库的数据,Where是在结果返回之前起作用的(先找到表,按照where的约束条件,从表(文件)中取出数据),Where中不能使用聚合函数。
- #2. Having是一个过滤声明,是在查询返回结果集以后对查询结果进行的过滤操作(先找到表,按照where的约束条件,从表(文件)中取出数据,然后group by分组,如果没有group by则所有记录整体为一组,然后执行聚合函数,然后使用having对聚合的结果进行过滤),在Having中可以使用聚合函数。
- #3. having可以放到group by之后,而where只能放到group by之前
- #4. 在查询过程中聚合语句(sum,min,max,avg,count)要比having子句优先执行。而where子句在查询过程中执行优先级高于聚合语句。
验证不同之处
- #验证之前再次强调:执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > 聚合函数 > having
- select count(id) from employee where salary > 10000; #正确,分析:where先执行,后执行聚合count(id),然后select出结果
- select count(id) from employee having salary > 10000;#错误,分析:先执行聚合count(id),后执行having过滤,无法对id进行salary>10000的过滤
- #以上两条sql的顺序是
- 1:找到表employee--->用where过滤---->没有分组则默认一组执行聚合count(id)--->select执行查看组内id数目
- 2:找到表employee--->没有分组则默认一组执行聚合count(id)---->having 基于上一步聚合的结果(此时只有count(id)字段了)进行salary>10000的过滤,很明显,根本无法获取到salary字段
其他需要注意的问题
- select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having salary > 10000;#错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段
- select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
小练习:
- 1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
- 3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
- 4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
- #题1:
- mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
- +-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
- | post | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
- +-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
- | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon | 1 |
- +-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
- #题目2:
- mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
- +-----------+---------------+
- | post | avg(salary) |
- +-----------+---------------+
- | operation | 16800.026000 |
- | teacher | 151842.901429 |
- +-----------+---------------+
- #题目3:
- mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
- +-----------+--------------+
- | post | avg(salary) |
- +-----------+--------------+
- | operation | 16800.026000 |
- +-----------+--------------+
九 查询排序:ORDER BY
- 按单列排序
- SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
- SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
- SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;
- 按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
- SELECT * from employee
- ORDER BY age,
- salary DESC;
小练习:
- 1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
- 2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
- 3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
- #题目1
- mysql> select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;
- #题目2
- mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
- +-----------+---------------+
- | post | avg(salary) |
- +-----------+---------------+
- | operation | 16800.026000 |
- | teacher | 151842.901429 |
- +-----------+---------------+
- #题目3
- mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
- +-----------+---------------+
- | post | avg(salary) |
- +-----------+---------------+
- | teacher | 151842.901429 |
- | operation | 16800.026000 |
- +-----------+---------------+
十 限制查询的记录数:LIMIT
- 示例:
- SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
- LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0
- SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
- LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
- SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
- LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
小练习:
- 1. 分页显示,每页5条
- mysql> select * from employee limit 0,5;
- +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
- +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 |
- | 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |
- | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 401 | 1 |
- | 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 401 | 1 |
- | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 401 | 1 |
- +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
- rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5;
- +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
- +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 |
- | 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 |
- | 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 |
- | 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 |
- | 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 |
- +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5;
- +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
- +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- | 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 |
- | 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 |
- | 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 402 | 2 |
- | 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |
- | 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 403 | 3 |
- +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
- rows in set (0.00 sec)
十一 使用正则表达式查询
- SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';
- SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
- SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';
- 小结:对字符串匹配的方式
- WHERE name = 'egon';
- WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
- WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
小练习:
- 查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结果的员工信息
- select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
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