css包含块containing block

《css权威指南》P167：

The Containing Block

Every element is laid out with respect to its containing block; in a very real way, the containing block is the "layout context" for an element. CSS2.1 defines a series of rules for determining an element's containing block. I'll cover only those rules that pertain to the concepts covered in this chapter and leave the rest for future chapters.

每个元素都相对于其包含块摆放，可以这么说，包含块就是一个元素的“布局上下文”。css2.1定义了一系列规则来确定元素的包含块，这里介绍的只是其中部分规则。

For an element in the normal, Western-style flow of text, the containing block is formed by the content edge of the nearest block-level, table cell, or inline-block ancestor box. Consider the following markup:

对于正常的西方语言文本流中的一个元素，包含块由最近的块级祖先框，表单元格或行内块inline-block祖先框的内容边界（content edge）构成。

<body>

 <div>

  <p>This is a paragraph.</p>

 </div>

</body>

In this very simple markup, the containing block for the p element is the div element, as that is the closest ancestor element that is block-level, a table cell, or inline-block (in this case, it's a block box). Similarly, the div's containing block is the body. Thus, the layout of the p is dependent on the layout of the div, which is in turn dependent on the layout of the body.

p元素的包含块是div，因为作为块级元素、表单元格或行内块元素，这是最近的祖先元素（本例中是一个块元素框）。类似第，div的包含块是body。因此，p的布局依赖于div的布局，div的布局则依赖body布局。

You don't need to worry about inline elements since the way they are laid out doesn't depend directly on containing blocks. We'll talk about them later in the chapter.

不必担心inline element，因为他们的摆放方式并不直接依赖于包含块。

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w3c定义：

http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visudet.html#containing-block-details

10.1 Definition of "containing block"

The position and size of an element's box(es) are sometimes calculated relative to a certain rectangle, called the containing block of the element. The containing block of an element is defined as follows:

The containing block in which the root element lives is a rectangle called the initial containing block. For continuous media, it has the dimensions of the viewport and is anchored at the canvas origin; it is the page area for paged media. The 'direction' property of the initial containing block is the same as for the root element.
For other elements, if the element's position is 'relative' or 'static', the containing block is formed by the content edge of the nearest block container ancestor box.
If the element has 'position: fixed', the containing block is established by the viewport in the case of continuous media or the page area in the case of paged media.
If the element has 'position: absolute', the containing block is established by the nearest ancestor with a 'position' of 'absolute', 'relative' or 'fixed', in the following way:
1. In the case that the ancestor is an inline element, the containing block is the bounding box around the padding boxes of the first and the last inline boxes generated for that element. In CSS 2.1, if the inline element is split across multiple lines, the containing block is undefined.
2. Otherwise, the containing block is formed by the padding edge of the ancestor.
If there is no such ancestor, the containing block is the initial containing block.

In paged media, an absolutely positioned element is positioned relative to its containing block ignoring any page breaks (as if the document were continuous). The element may subsequently be broken over several pages.

For absolutely positioned content that resolves to a position on a page other than the page being laid out (the current page), or resolves to a position on the current page which has already been rendered for printing, printers may place the content

on another location on the current page,
on a subsequent page, or
may omit it.

Note that a block-level element that is split over several pages may have a different width on each page and that there may be device-specific limits.

With no positioning, the containing blocks (C.B.) in the following document:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<HTML>

   <HEAD>

      <TITLE>Illustration of containing blocks</TITLE>

   </HEAD>

   <BODY id="body">

      <DIV id="div1">

      <P id="p1">This is text in the first paragraph...</P>

      <P id="p2">This is text <EM id="em1"> in the

      <STRONG id="strong1">second</STRONG> paragraph.</EM></P>

      </DIV>

   </BODY>

</HTML>

are established as follows:

For box generated by	C.B. is established by
html	initial C.B. (UA-dependent)
body	html
div1	body
p1	div1
p2	div1
em1	p2
strong1	p2

If we position "div1":

   #div1 { position: absolute; left: 50px; top: 50px }

its containing block is no longer "body"; it becomes the initial containing block (since there are no other positioned ancestor boxes). 确实，我们定义div1为absolute，包含块不再是body。。

If we position "em1" as well:

   #div1 { position: absolute; left: 50px; top: 50px }

   #em1  { position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 100px }

the table of containing blocks becomes:

For box generated by	C.B. is established by
html	initial C.B. (UA-dependent)
body	html
div1	initial C.B.
p1	div1
p2	div1
em1	div1
strong1	em1

By positioning "em1", its containing block becomes the nearest positioned ancestor box (i.e., that generated by "div1").

完。

在http://www.w3help.org/zh-cn/kb/008/ 也详细说了这个概念；

包含块判定及其范围

由上面内容可知，元素框的定位和尺寸与其包含块有关，而元素会为它的子孙元素创建包含块。

那么，是不是说，元素的包含块就是它的父元素呢？包含块的区域是不是父元素的内容区域呢？答案是否定的。此节中，将给出各类元素包含块的判断以及包含块的区域范围。如果不存在符合判断标准的祖先元素，那么元素的包含块就是初始包含块。

包含块判定总流程图如下：

根元素

根元素，就是处于文档树最顶端的元素，它没有父节点。

根元素存在的包含块，被叫做初始包含块 (initial containing block)。具体，跟用户端有关。

在 (X)HTML 中，根元素是 html 元素（尽管有的浏览器会不正确地使用 body 元素）。
而初始包含块的 direction 属性与根元素相同。

静态定位元素和相对定位元素

如果该元素的定位（position）为 "relative" （相对定位）或者 "static"（静态定位），它的包含块由它最近的块级、单元格（table cell）或者行内块（inline-block）祖先元素的内容框¹创建。

元素如果未声明 'position' 特性，那么就会采用 'position' 的默认值 "static"。

<table id="table1">

  <tr>

      <td id="td1">

          <div id="div1" style="padding:20px;border:1px solid red;">

               <span>

                   <strong id=”greed” style="position:relative;">greed is</strong>

                   good 999999

              </span>

          </div>

      </td>

  </tr>

</table>

包含块关系表：

元素	包含块
table1	body
td1	table1
div1	td1
greed	div1

SPAN 元素中包含的文本在 div1 中的位置可以看出，div1 创建的包含块的区域是它的内容边界，也就是内边界。

固定定位元素

如果元素是固定定位 ("position:fixed") 元素，那么它的包含块是当前可视窗口²。

绝对定位元素

总的来说，绝对定位（"position: absolute"）元素的包含块由离它最近的 'position' 属性为 'absolute'、'relative' 或者 'fixed' 的祖先元素创建。（只要不是static）

如果其祖先元素是行内元素，则包含块取决于其祖先元素的 'direction' 特性

1). 如果 'direction' 是 'ltr'，包含块的顶、左边是祖先元素生成的第一个框的顶、左内边距边界(padding edges) ，右、下边是祖先元素生成的最后一个框的右、下内边距边界(padding edges)