*Linux之rpm命令

　　在Linux操作系统中，有一个系统软件包，它的功能类似于Windows里面的“添加/删除程序”，但是功能又比"添加/删除程序"强很多，它就是Red Hat Package Manager(简称RPM)。

先放一个大招，哈哈

[root@winner ~]# rpm --help
用法: rpm [选项...]
  --quiet

Query/Verify package selection options:
  -a, --all                        query/verify all packages
  -f, --file                       query/verify package(s) owning file
  -g, --group                      query/verify package(s) in group
  -p, --package                    query/verify a package file
  -W, --ftswalk                    query/verify package(s) from TOP file tree
                                   walk
  --pkgid                          query/verify package(s) with package
                                   identifier
  --hdrid                          query/verify package(s) with header
                                   identifier
  --fileid                         query/verify package(s) with file identifier
  --specfile                       query a spec file
  --triggeredby                    query the package(s) triggered by the
                                   package
  --whatrequires                   query/verify the package(s) which require a
                                   dependency
  --whatprovides                   query/verify the package(s) which provide a
                                   dependency
  --nomanifest                     do not process non-package files as
                                   manifests

Query options (with -q or --query):
  -c, --configfiles                list all configuration files
  -d, --docfiles                   list all documentation files
  --dump                           dump basic file information
  -l, --list                       list files in package
  --queryformat=QUERYFORMAT        use the following query format
  -s, --state                      display the states of the listed files

Verify options (with -V or --verify):
  --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
  --nomd5                          don't verify digest of files
  --nofiles                        don't verify files in package
  --nodeps                         don't verify package dependencies
  --noscript                       don't execute verify script(s)

File tree walk options (with --ftswalk):
  --comfollow                      follow command line symlinks
  --logical                        logical walk
  --nochdir                        don't change directories
  --nostat                         don't get stat info
  --physical                       physical walk
  --seedot                         return dot and dot-dot
  --xdev                           don't cross devices
  --whiteout                       return whiteout information

Signature options:
  --addsign                        sign package(s) (identical to --resign)
  -K, --checksig                   verify package signature(s)
  --delsign                        delete package signatures
  --import                         import an armored public key
  --resign                         sign package(s) (identical to --addsign)
  --nodigest                       don't verify package digest(s)
  --nosignature                    don't verify package signature(s)

Database options:
  --initdb                         initialize database
  --rebuilddb                      rebuild database inverted lists from
                                   installed package headers

Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
  --aid                            add suggested packages to transaction
  --allfiles                       install all files, even configurations
                                   which might otherwise be skipped
  --allmatches                     remove all packages which match <package>
                                   (normally an error is generated if
                                   <package> specified multiple packages)
  --badreloc                       relocate files in non-relocatable package
  -e, --erase=<package>+           erase (uninstall) package
  --excludedocs                    do not install documentation
  --excludepath=<path>             skip files with leading component <path>
  --fileconflicts                  detect file conflicts between packages
  --force                          short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
  -F, --freshen=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s) if already installed
  -h, --hash                       print hash marks as package installs (good
                                   with -v)
  --ignorearch                     don't verify package architecture
  --ignoreos                       don't verify package operating system
  --ignoresize                     don't check disk space before installing
  -i, --install                    install package(s)
  --justdb                         update the database, but do not modify the
                                   filesystem
  --nodeps                         do not verify package dependencies
  --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
  --nomd5                          don't verify digest of files (obsolete)
  --nocontexts                     don't install file security contexts
  --noorder                        do not reorder package installation to
                                   satisfy dependencies
  --nosuggest                      do not suggest missing dependency
                                   resolution(s)
  --noscripts                      do not execute package scriptlet(s)
  --notriggers                     do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered
                                   by this package
  --oldpackage                     upgrade to an old version of the package
                                   (--force on upgrades does this
                                   automatically)
  --percent                        print percentages as package installs
  --prefix=<dir>                   relocate the package to <dir>, if
                                   relocatable
  --relocate=<old>=<new>           relocate files from path <old> to <new>
  --replacefiles                   ignore file conflicts between packages
  --replacepkgs                    reinstall if the package is already present
  --test                           don't install, but tell if it would work or
                                   not
  -U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s)

Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
  -D, --define='MACRO EXPR'        define MACRO with value EXPR
  -E, --eval='EXPR'                print macro expansion of EXPR
  --macros=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
  --nodigest                       don't verify package digest(s)
  --nosignature                    don't verify package signature(s)
  --rcfile=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
  -r, --root=ROOT                  use ROOT as top level directory (default:
                                   "/")
  --querytags                      display known query tags
  --showrc                         display final rpmrc and macro configuration
  --quiet                          provide less detailed output
  -v, --verbose                    provide more detailed output
  --version                        print the version of rpm being used

Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
  --scripts                        list install/erase scriptlets from
                                   package(s)
  --setperms                       set permissions of files in a package
  --setugids                       set user/group ownership of files in a
                                   package
  --conflicts                      list capabilities this package conflicts
                                   with
  --obsoletes                      list other packages removed by installing
                                   this package
  --provides                       list capabilities that this package provides
  --requires                       list capabilities required by package(s)
  --info                           list descriptive information from package(s)
  --changelog                      list change logs for this package
  --xml                            list metadata in xml
  --triggers                       list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
  --last                           list package(s) by install time, most
                                   recent first
  --dupes                          list duplicated packages
  --filesbypkg                     list all files from each package
  --fileclass                      list file names with classes
  --filecolor                      list file names with colors
  --fscontext                      list file names with security context from
                                   file system
  --fileprovide                    list file names with provides
  --filerequire                    list file names with requires
  --filecaps                       list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities

Help options:
  -?, --help                       Show this help message
  --usage                          Display brief usage message

RPM 安装操作

命令：

rpm -i 需要安装的包文件名

举例如下：

rpm -i example.rpm 安装 example.rpm 包；

rpm -iv example.rpm 安装 example.rpm 包并在安装过程中显示正在安装的文件信息；

rpm -ivh example.rpm 安装 example.rpm 包并在安装过程中显示正在安装的文件信息及安装进度；

RPM 查询操作

命令：

rpm -q  …

附加查询命令：

a 查询所有已经安装的包以下两个附加命令用于查询安装包的信息；

i 显示安装包的信息；

l 显示安装包中的所有文件被安装到哪些目录下；

s 显示安装版中的所有文件状态及被安装到哪些目录下；以下两个附加命令用于指定需要查询的是安装包还是已安装后的文件；

p 查询的是安装包的信息；

f 查询的是已安装的某文件信息；

举例如下：

rpm -qa | grep tomcat4 查看 tomcat4 是否被安装；

rpm -qip example.rpm 查看 example.rpm 安装包的信息；

rpm -qif /bin/df 查看/bin/df 文件所在安装包的信息；

rpm -qlf /bin/df 查看/bin/df 文件所在安装包中的各个文件分别被安装到哪个目录下；

RPM 卸载操作

命令：

rpm -e 需要卸载的安装包

在卸载之前，通常需要使用rpm -q …命令查出需要卸载的安装包名称。

举例如下：

rpm -e tomcat4 卸载 tomcat4 软件包

RPM 升级操作

命令：

rpm -U 需要升级的包

举例如下：

rpm -Uvh example.rpm 升级 example.rpm 软件包

RPM 验证操作

命令：

rpm -V 需要验证的包

举例如下：

rpm -Vf /etc/tomcat4/tomcat4.conf

输出信息类似如下：

S.5....T c /etc/tomcat4/tomcat4.conf 

其中，S 表示文件大小修改过，T 表示文件日期修改过。限于篇幅，更多的验证信息请您参考rpm 帮助文件：man rpm

RPM 的其他附加命令

--force 强制操作 如强制安装删除等； --requires 显示该包的依赖关系； --nodeps 忽略依赖关系并继续操作