用python读写excel（xlrd、xlwt）

最近需要从多个excel表里面用各种方式整理一些数据，虽然说原来用过java做这类事情，但是由于最近在学python，所以当然就决定用python尝试一下了。发现python果然简洁很多。这里简单记录一下。（由于是用到什么学什么，所以不算太深入，高手勿喷，欢迎指导）

一、读excel表

读excel要用到xlrd模块，官网安装（http://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlrd）。然后就可以跟着里面的例子稍微试一下就知道怎么用了。大概的流程是这样的：

1、导入模块

import xlrd

2、打开Excel文件读取数据

data = xlrd.open_workbook('excel.xls')

3、获取一个工作表

  table = data.sheets()[0]          #通过索引顺序获取
  table = data.sheet_by_index(0) #通过索引顺序获取
  table = data.sheet_by_name(u'Sheet1')#通过名称获取

4、获取整行和整列的值（返回数组）

         table.row_values(i)

         table.col_values(i)

5、获取行数和列数　

        table.nrows

        table.ncols

6、获取单元格

　　table.cell(0,0).value

table.cell(2,3).value

就我自己使用的时候觉得还是获取cell最有用，这就相当于是给了你一个二维数组，余下你就可以想怎么干就怎么干了。得益于这个十分好用的库代码很是简洁。但是还是有若干坑的存在导致话了一定时间探索。现在列出来供后人参考吧：

1、首先就是我的统计是根据姓名统计各个表中的信息的，但是调试发现不同的表中各个名字貌似不能够匹配，开始怀疑过编码问题，不过后来发现是因为　　空格。因为在excel中输入的时候很可能会顺手在一些名字后面加上几个空格或是tab键，这样看起来没什么差别，但是程序处理的时候这就是两个完全　　不同的串了。我的解决方法是给每个获取的字符串都加上strip（）处理一下。效果良好

2、还是字符串的匹配，在判断某个单元格中的字符串（中文）是否等于我所给出的的时候发现无法匹配，并且各种unicode也不太奏效，百度过一些解决　　方案，但是都比较复杂或是没用。最后我采用了一个比较变通的方式：直接从excel中获取我想要的值再进行比较，效果是不错就是通用行不太好，个　　呢不能问题还没解决。

二、写excel表

　　写excel表要用到xlwt模块，官网下载（http://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlwt）。大致使用流程如下：

1、导入模块

　　import xlwt

2、创建workbook（其实就是excel，后来保存一下就行）

　　workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')

3、创建表
　　worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')


4、往单元格内写入内容

　　worksheet.write(0, 0, label = 'Row 0, Column 0 Value')


5、保存

　　workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

由于我的需求比较简单，所以这上面没遇到什么问题，唯一的就是建议还是用ascii编码，不然可能会有一些诡异的现象。

当然xlwt功能远远不止这些，他甚至可以设置各种样式之类的。附上一点例子

 Examples Generating Excel Documents Using Python’s xlwt

 Here are some simple examples using Python’s xlwt library to dynamically generate Excel documents.

 Please note a useful alternative may be ezodf, which allows you to generate ODS (Open Document Spreadsheet) files for LibreOffice / OpenOffice. You can check them out at:http://packages.python.org/ezodf/index.html

 The Simplest Example
 import xlwt
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')
 worksheet.write(0, 0, label = 'Row 0, Column 0 Value')
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Formatting the Contents of a Cell
 import xlwt
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')
 font = xlwt.Font() # Create the Font
 font.name = 'Times New Roman'
 font.bold = True
 font.underline = True
 font.italic = True
 style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create the Style
 style.font = font # Apply the Font to the Style
 worksheet.write(0, 0, label = 'Unformatted value')
 worksheet.write(1, 0, label = 'Formatted value', style) # Apply the Style to the Cell
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Attributes of the Font Object
 font.bold = True # May be: True, False
 font.italic = True # May be: True, False
 font.struck_out = True # May be: True, False
 font.underline = xlwt.Font.UNDERLINE_SINGLE # May be: UNDERLINE_NONE, UNDERLINE_SINGLE, UNDERLINE_SINGLE_ACC, UNDERLINE_DOUBLE, UNDERLINE_DOUBLE_ACC
 font.escapement = xlwt.Font.ESCAPEMENT_SUPERSCRIPT # May be: ESCAPEMENT_NONE, ESCAPEMENT_SUPERSCRIPT, ESCAPEMENT_SUBSCRIPT
 font.family = xlwt.Font.FAMILY_ROMAN # May be: FAMILY_NONE, FAMILY_ROMAN, FAMILY_SWISS, FAMILY_MODERN, FAMILY_SCRIPT, FAMILY_DECORATIVE
 font.charset = xlwt.Font.CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN # May be: CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN, CHARSET_SYS_DEFAULT, CHARSET_SYMBOL, CHARSET_APPLE_ROMAN, CHARSET_ANSI_JAP_SHIFT_JIS, CHARSET_ANSI_KOR_HANGUL, CHARSET_ANSI_KOR_JOHAB, CHARSET_ANSI_CHINESE_GBK, CHARSET_ANSI_CHINESE_BIG5, CHARSET_ANSI_GREEK, CHARSET_ANSI_TURKISH, CHARSET_ANSI_VIETNAMESE, CHARSET_ANSI_HEBREW, CHARSET_ANSI_ARABIC, CHARSET_ANSI_BALTIC, CHARSET_ANSI_CYRILLIC, CHARSET_ANSI_THAI, CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN_II, CHARSET_OEM_LATIN_I
 font.colour_index = ?
 font.get_biff_record = ?
 font.height = 0x00C8 # C8 in Hex (in decimal) = 10 points in height.
 font.name = ?
 font.outline = ?
 font.shadow = ?

 Setting the Width of a Cell
 import xltw
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
 worksheet.write(0, 0, 'My Cell Contents')
 worksheet.col(0).width = 3333 # 3333 = 1" (one inch).
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Entering a Date into a Cell
 import xlwt
 import datetime
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
 style = xlwt.XFStyle()
 style.num_format_str = 'M/D/YY' # Other options: D-MMM-YY, D-MMM, MMM-YY, h:mm, h:mm:ss, h:mm, h:mm:ss, M/D/YY h:mm, mm:ss, [h]:mm:ss, mm:ss.0
 worksheet.write(0, 0, datetime.datetime.now(), style)
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Adding a Formula to a Cell
 import xlwt
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
 worksheet.write(0, 0, 5) # Outputs 5
 worksheet.write(0, 1, 2) # Outputs 2
 worksheet.write(1, 0, xlwt.Formula('A1*B1')) # Should output "10" (A1[5] * A2[2])
 worksheet.write(1, 1, xlwt.Formula('SUM(A1,B1)')) # Should output "7" (A1[5] + A2[2])
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Adding a Hyperlink to a Cell
 import xlwt
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
 worksheet.write(0, 0, xlwt.Formula('HYPERLINK("http://www.google.com";"Google")')) # Outputs the text "Google" linking to http://www.google.com
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Merging Columns and Rows
 import xlwt
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
 worksheet.write_merge(0, 0, 0, 3, 'First Merge') # Merges row 0's columns 0 through 3.
 font = xlwt.Font() # Create Font
 font.bold = True # Set font to Bold
 style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
 style.font = font # Add Bold Font to Style
 worksheet.write_merge(1, 2, 0, 3, 'Second Merge', style) # Merges row 1 through 2's columns 0 through 3.
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Setting the Alignment for the Contents of a Cell
 import xlwt
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
 alignment = xlwt.Alignment() # Create Alignment
 alignment.horz = xlwt.Alignment.HORZ_CENTER # May be: HORZ_GENERAL, HORZ_LEFT, HORZ_CENTER, HORZ_RIGHT, HORZ_FILLED, HORZ_JUSTIFIED, HORZ_CENTER_ACROSS_SEL, HORZ_DISTRIBUTED
 alignment.vert = xlwt.Alignment.VERT_CENTER # May be: VERT_TOP, VERT_CENTER, VERT_BOTTOM, VERT_JUSTIFIED, VERT_DISTRIBUTED
 style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
 style.alignment = alignment # Add Alignment to Style
 worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Adding Borders to a Cell
 # Please note: While I was able to find these constants within the source code, on my system (using LibreOffice,) I was only presented with a solid line, varying from thin to thick; no dotted or dashed lines.
 import xlwt
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
 borders = xlwt.Borders() # Create Borders
 borders.left = xlwt.Borders.DASHED # May be: NO_LINE, THIN, MEDIUM, DASHED, DOTTED, THICK, DOUBLE, HAIR, MEDIUM_DASHED, THIN_DASH_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, THIN_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, SLANTED_MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, or 0x00 through 0x0D.
 borders.right = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
 borders.top = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
 borders.bottom = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
 borders.left_colour = 0x40
 borders.right_colour = 0x40
 borders.top_colour = 0x40
 borders.bottom_colour = 0x40
 style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
 style.borders = borders # Add Borders to Style
 worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 Setting the Background Color of a Cell
 import xlwt
 workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
 worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
 pattern = xlwt.Pattern() # Create the Pattern
 pattern.pattern = xlwt.Pattern.SOLID_PATTERN # May be: NO_PATTERN, SOLID_PATTERN, or 0x00 through 0x12
 pattern.pattern_fore_colour = 5 # May be: 8 through 63. 0 = Black, 1 = White, 2 = Red, 3 = Green, 4 = Blue, 5 = Yellow, 6 = Magenta, 7 = Cyan, 16 = Maroon, 17 = Dark Green, 18 = Dark Blue, 19 = Dark Yellow , almost brown), 20 = Dark Magenta, 21 = Teal, 22 = Light Gray, 23 = Dark Gray, the list goes on...
 style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create the Pattern
 style.pattern = pattern # Add Pattern to Style
 worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
 workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

 TODO: Things Left to Document
 - Panes -- separate views which are always in view
 - Border Colors (documented above, but not taking effect as it should)
 - Border Widths (document above, but not working as expected)
 - Protection
 - Row Styles
 - Zoom / Manification
 - WS Props?
 Source Code for reference available at: https://secure.simplistix.co.uk/svn/xlwt/trunk/xlwt/