【读书笔记】——《A Brief History of Humankind》

I encourage all of us, whatever our beliefs, to question the basic narratives of our world, to connect past developments with present concerns, and not to be afraid of controversial issues.

• There were humans long before there was history,
• Just 6 million years ago, a single female ape had two daughters.
  
  • One became the ancestor of all chimpanzees,
  • The other is our own grandmother.

0. 地理生物学概念

• homo sapien：智人；
  • But the wheel is one hundred percent homo sapien innovation.

1. An animal of no significance

• 13.5 billion years ago. Matter, energy, time & space ⇒ Physics
• 在能量和物质出现的 300, 000 万年后，matter、energy ⇒ 原子 ⇒ 分子，这是化学；
• 3.8 billion years ago. 地球上，分子 ⇒ 有机体，这是生物学；
• 70,000 years ago, 在一种称为智人的有机体中间，产生了文化的概念，这便是历史；