golang test 单元测试

golang自家的单元测试做的很好了，自需要"文件名_test.go" 就可以在里面写单元测试，而且go test命令也很强大，可以只运行单个测试函数，在goland 可以点击单元测试函数前面的图标，但是切换到vscode就需要自己动手了。go test 主要参考https://godoc.org/testing
单元测试写起来也比较容易，设定号 输入 判断 输出 与预想是否一致，一致则ok，否则 则报错。
单元测试是一门学问，考虑的问题也很多，比如很多边界问题、如何自动化、测试样本等等很多东西

go test -run ''      # Run all tests.
go test -run Foo     # Run top-level tests matching "Foo", such as "TestFooBar". 测试所有包含Foo的函数，想测试某个函数 就把名字写全
go test -run Foo/A=  # For top-level tests matching "Foo", run subtests matching "A=".
go test -run /A=1    # For all top-level tests, run subtests matching "A=1".

　　

package testing

import "testing"

Package testing provides support for automated testing of Go packages. It is intended to be used in concert with the “go test” command, which automates execution of any function of the form

func TestXxx(*testing.T)

where Xxx can be any alphanumeric string (but the first letter must not be in [a-z]) and serves to identify the test routine.

Within these functions, use the Error, Fail or related methods to signal failure.

To write a new test suite, create a file whose name ends _test.go that contains the TestXxx functions as described here. Put the file in the same package as the one being tested. The file will be excluded from regular package builds but will be included when the “go test” command is run. For more detail, run “go help test” and “go help testflag”.

Tests and benchmarks may be skipped if not applicable with a call to the Skip method of *T and *B:

func TestTimeConsuming(t *testing.T) {
    if testing.Short() {
        t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
    }
    ...
}

Benchmarks

Functions of the form

func BenchmarkXxx(*testing.B)

are considered benchmarks, and are executed by the "go test" command when its -bench flag is provided. Benchmarks are run sequentially.

For a description of the testing flags, see https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Description_of_testing_flags.

A sample benchmark function looks like this:

func BenchmarkHello(b *testing.B) {
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
        fmt.Sprintf("hello")
    }
}

The benchmark function must run the target code b.N times. During benchmark execution, b.N is adjusted until the benchmark function lasts long enough to be timed reliably. The output

BenchmarkHello    10000000    282 ns/op

means that the loop ran 10000000 times at a speed of 282 ns per loop.

If a benchmark needs some expensive setup before running, the timer may be reset:

func BenchmarkBigLen(b *testing.B) {
    big := NewBig()
    b.ResetTimer()
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
        big.Len()
    }
}

If a benchmark needs to test performance in a parallel setting, it may use the RunParallel helper function; such benchmarks are intended to be used with the go test -cpu flag:

func BenchmarkTemplateParallel(b *testing.B) {
    templ := template.Must(template.New("test").Parse("Hello, {{.}}!"))
    b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
        var buf bytes.Buffer
        for pb.Next() {
            buf.Reset()
            templ.Execute(&buf, "World")
        }
    })
}

Examples

The package also runs and verifies example code. Example functions may include a concluding line comment that begins with "Output:" and is compared with the standard output of the function when the tests are run. (The comparison ignores leading and trailing space.) These are examples of an example:

func ExampleHello() {
    fmt.Println("hello")
    // Output: hello
}

func ExampleSalutations() {
    fmt.Println("hello, and")
    fmt.Println("goodbye")
    // Output:
    // hello, and
    // goodbye
}

The comment prefix "Unordered output:" is like "Output:", but matches any line order:

func ExamplePerm() {
    for _, value := range Perm(4) {
        fmt.Println(value)
    }
    // Unordered output: 4
    // 2
    // 1
    // 3
    // 0
}

Example functions without output comments are compiled but not executed.

The naming convention to declare examples for the package, a function F, a type T and method M on type T are:

func Example() { ... }
func ExampleF() { ... }
func ExampleT() { ... }
func ExampleT_M() { ... }

Multiple example functions for a package/type/function/method may be provided by appending a distinct suffix to the name. The suffix must start with a lower-case letter.

func Example_suffix() { ... }
func ExampleF_suffix() { ... }
func ExampleT_suffix() { ... }
func ExampleT_M_suffix() { ... }

The entire test file is presented as the example when it contains a single example function, at least one other function, type, variable, or constant declaration, and no test or benchmark functions.

Subtests and Sub-benchmarks

The Run methods of T and B allow defining subtests and sub-benchmarks, without having to define separate functions for each. This enables uses like table-driven benchmarks and creating hierarchical tests. It also provides a way to share common setup and tear-down code:

func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
    // <setup code>
    t.Run("A=1", func(t *testing.T) { ... })
    t.Run("A=2", func(t *testing.T) { ... })
    t.Run("B=1", func(t *testing.T) { ... })
    // <tear-down code>
}

Each subtest and sub-benchmark has a unique name: the combination of the name of the top-level test and the sequence of names passed to Run, separated by slashes, with an optional trailing sequence number for disambiguation.

The argument to the -run and -bench command-line flags is an unanchored regular expression that matches the test's name. For tests with multiple slash-separated elements, such as subtests, the argument is itself slash-separated, with expressions matching each name element in turn. Because it is unanchored, an empty expression matches any string. For example, using "matching" to mean "whose name contains":

go test -run ''      # Run all tests.
go test -run Foo     # Run top-level tests matching "Foo", such as "TestFooBar".
go test -run Foo/A=  # For top-level tests matching "Foo", run subtests matching "A=".
go test -run /A=1    # For all top-level tests, run subtests matching "A=1".

Subtests can also be used to control parallelism. A parent test will only complete once all of its subtests complete. In this example, all tests are run in parallel with each other, and only with each other, regardless of other top-level tests that may be defined:

func TestGroupedParallel(t *testing.T) {
    for _, tc := range tests {
        tc := tc // capture range variable
        t.Run(tc.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
            t.Parallel()
            ...
        })
    }
}

Run does not return until parallel subtests have completed, providing a way to clean up after a group of parallel tests:

func TestTeardownParallel(t *testing.T) {
    // This Run will not return until the parallel tests finish.
    t.Run("group", func(t *testing.T) {
        t.Run("Test1", parallelTest1)
        t.Run("Test2", parallelTest2)
        t.Run("Test3", parallelTest3)
    })
    // <tear-down code>
}

Main

It is sometimes necessary for a test program to do extra setup or teardown before or after testing. It is also sometimes necessary for a test to control which code runs on the main thread. To support these and other cases, if a test file contains a function:

func TestMain(m *testing.M)

then the generated test will call TestMain(m) instead of running the tests directly. TestMain runs in the main goroutine and can do whatever setup and teardown is necessary around a call to m.Run. It should then call os.Exit with the result of m.Run. When TestMain is called, flag.Parse has not been run. If TestMain depends on command-line flags, including those of the testing package, it should call flag.Parse explicitly.

A simple implementation of TestMain is:

func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
	// call flag.Parse() here if TestMain uses flags
	os.Exit(m.Run())
}