java io读书笔记(5) Writing Bytes to Output Streams

outputstream类是所有的字符输出类的父类，他是一个抽象类。

对于OutputStream类来说，其最基础的方法就是：write().

public abstract void write(int b) throws IOException

这个方法，写一个无符号字符（在0-255之间）

举例如下：

import java.io.*;
public class AsciiChart {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for (int i = 32; i < 127; i++) {
      System.out.write(i);
      // break line after every eight characters.
      if (i % 8 == 7) System.out.write('\n');
      else System.out.write('\t');
    }
    System.out.write('\n');
   }
}

在这里，请注意输出：\n和\t。分别对应数字是：10和9，也可以这么写：

import java.io.*;
public class AsciiChart {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for (int i = 32; i < 127; i++) {
      System.out.write(i);
      // break line after every eight characters.
      if (i % 8 == 7) System.out.write(10);
      else System.out.write(9);
    }
    System.out.write('\n');
   }
}

输出如下：

% java AsciiChart
!       "       #       $       %       &       '
(       )       *       +       ,       -       .       /
0       1       2       3       4       5       6       7
8       9       :       ;       <       =       >       ?
@       A       B       C       D       E       F       G
H       I       J       K       L       M       N       O
P       Q       R       S       T       U       V       W
X       Y       Z       [       \       ]       ^       _
`       a       b       c       d       e       f       g
h       i       j       k       l       m       n       o
p       q       r       s       t       u       v       w
x       y       z       {       |       }       ~

而outputstream的这个抽象类具体定义如下：

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
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 *
 */

package java.io;

/**
 * This abstract class is the superclass of all classes representing
 * an output stream of bytes. An output stream accepts output bytes
 * and sends them to some sink.
 * <p>
 * Applications that need to define a subclass of
 * <code>OutputStream</code> must always provide at least a method
 * that writes one byte of output.
 *
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @see     java.io.BufferedOutputStream
 * @see     java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
 * @see     java.io.DataOutputStream
 * @see     java.io.FilterOutputStream
 * @see     java.io.InputStream
 * @see     java.io.OutputStream#write(int)
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public abstract class OutputStream implements Closeable, Flushable {
    /**
     * Writes the specified byte to this output stream. The general
     * contract for <code>write</code> is that one byte is written
     * to the output stream. The byte to be written is the eight
     * low-order bits of the argument <code>b</code>. The 24
     * high-order bits of <code>b</code> are ignored.
     * <p>
     * Subclasses of <code>OutputStream</code> must provide an
     * implementation for this method.
     *
     * @param      b   the <code>byte</code>.
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs. In particular,
     *             an <code>IOException</code> may be thrown if the
     *             output stream has been closed.
     */
    public abstract void write(int b) throws IOException;

    /**
     * Writes <code>b.length</code> bytes from the specified byte array
     * to this output stream. The general contract for <code>write(b)</code>
     * is that it should have exactly the same effect as the call
     * <code>write(b, 0, b.length)</code>.
     *
     * @param      b   the data.
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
     * @see        java.io.OutputStream#write(byte[], int, int)
     */
    public void write(byte b[]) throws IOException {
        write(b, 0, b.length);
    }

    /**
     * Writes <code>len</code> bytes from the specified byte array
     * starting at offset <code>off</code> to this output stream.
     * The general contract for <code>write(b, off, len)</code> is that
     * some of the bytes in the array <code>b</code> are written to the
     * output stream in order; element <code>b[off]</code> is the first
     * byte written and <code>b[off+len-1]</code> is the last byte written
     * by this operation.
     * <p>
     * The <code>write</code> method of <code>OutputStream</code> calls
     * the write method of one argument on each of the bytes to be
     * written out. Subclasses are encouraged to override this method and
     * provide a more efficient implementation.
     * <p>
     * If <code>b</code> is <code>null</code>, a
     * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown.
     * <p>
     * If <code>off</code> is negative, or <code>len</code> is negative, or
     * <code>off+len</code> is greater than the length of the array
     * <code>b</code>, then an <tt>IndexOutOfBoundsException</tt> is thrown.
     *
     * @param      b     the data.
     * @param      off   the start offset in the data.
     * @param      len   the number of bytes to write.
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs. In particular,
     *             an <code>IOException</code> is thrown if the output
     *             stream is closed.
     */
    public void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
        if (b == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        } else if ((off < 0) || (off > b.length) || (len < 0) ||
                   ((off + len) > b.length) || ((off + len) < 0)) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        } else if (len == 0) {
            return;
        }
        for (int i = 0 ; i < len ; i++) {
            write(b[off + i]);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Flushes this output stream and forces any buffered output bytes
     * to be written out. The general contract of <code>flush</code> is
     * that calling it is an indication that, if any bytes previously
     * written have been buffered by the implementation of the output
     * stream, such bytes should immediately be written to their
     * intended destination.
     * <p>
     * If the intended destination of this stream is an abstraction provided by
     * the underlying operating system, for example a file, then flushing the
     * stream guarantees only that bytes previously written to the stream are
     * passed to the operating system for writing; it does not guarantee that
     * they are actually written to a physical device such as a disk drive.
     * <p>
     * The <code>flush</code> method of <code>OutputStream</code> does nothing.
     *
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    public void flush() throws IOException {
    }

    /**
     * Closes this output stream and releases any system resources
     * associated with this stream. The general contract of <code>close</code>
     * is that it closes the output stream. A closed stream cannot perform
     * output operations and cannot be reopened.
     * <p>
     * The <code>close</code> method of <code>OutputStream</code> does nothing.
     *
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    public void close() throws IOException {
    }

}