函数式编程 偏函数 生成器 yield

高阶函数

# 高阶函数
def f(x):
    return x * x

# map()函数接收两个参数，一个是函数，一个是Iterable，map将传入的函数依次作用到序列的每个元素，并把结果作为新的Iterator返回。
# map()传入的第一个参数是f，即函数对象本身。由于结果r是一个Iterator，Iterator是惰性序列，因此通过list()函数让它把整个序列都计算出来并返回一个list。
r_lazy = map(f, [1, 2, 3])  # 惰性序列
r = list(r_lazy)

from functools import reduce

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

r_reduce = reduce(add, [1, 4, 9])

def is_odd(n):
    return n % 2 == 1

# 和map()类似，filter()也接收一个函数和一个序列。和map()不同的是，filter()把传入的函数依次作用于每个元素，然后根据返回值是True还是False决定保留还是丢弃该元素。
r_lazy_1 = filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 3, 4])
r_1 = list(r_lazy_1)

偏函数

import functools

int2 = functools.partial(int, base=2)

def f(x, d=3):
    return x ** d

f4 = functools.partial(f, d=4)
f2 = functools.partial(f, d=2)

L = [('Bob', 75), ('Adam', 92), ('Bart', 66), ('Lisa', 88)]

def by_name(t):
    return t[1]

sorted(L, key=by_name)

L = [3, -5, 6, -89]
sorted(L, key=abs)

L = ['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit']
sorted(L) # ['Credit', 'Zoo', 'about', 'bob']
sorted(L, key=str.lower) # ['about', 'bob', 'Credit', 'Zoo']

sorted - 廖雪峰的官方网站 https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/1016959663602400/1017408670135712
默认情况下，对字符串排序，是按照ASCII的大小比较的，由于'Z' < 'a'，结果，大写字母Z会排在小写字母a的前面。

"""Filename globbing utility."""

import os
import re
import fnmatch
import sys

__all__ = ["glob", "iglob", "escape"]

def glob(pathname, *, recursive=False):
    """Return a list of paths matching a pathname pattern.

    The pattern may contain simple shell-style wildcards a la
    fnmatch. However, unlike fnmatch, filenames starting with a
    dot are special cases that are not matched by '*' and '?'
    patterns.

    If recursive is true, the pattern '**' will match any files and
    zero or more directories and subdirectories.
    """
return list(iglob(pathname, recursive=recursive))

def iglob(pathname, *, recursive=False):
    """Return an iterator which yields the paths matching a pathname pattern.

    The pattern may contain simple shell-style wildcards a la
    fnmatch. However, unlike fnmatch, filenames starting with a
    dot are special cases that are not matched by '*' and '?'
    patterns.

    If recursive is true, the pattern '**' will match any files and
    zero or more directories and subdirectories.
    """
it = _iglob(pathname, recursive, False)
    if recursive and _isrecursive(pathname):
        s = next(it)  # skip empty string
assert not s
    return it

def _iglob(pathname, recursive, dironly):
    sys.audit("glob.glob", pathname, recursive)
    dirname, basename = os.path.split(pathname)
    if not has_magic(pathname):
        assert not dironly
        if basename:
            if os.path.lexists(pathname):
                yield pathname
        else:
            # Patterns ending with a slash should match only directories
if os.path.isdir(dirname):
                yield pathname
        return
    if not dirname:
        if recursive and _isrecursive(basename):
            yield from _glob2(dirname, basename, dironly)
        else:
            yield from _glob1(dirname, basename, dironly)
        return
# `os.path.split()` returns the argument itself as a dirname if it is a
    # drive or UNC path.  Prevent an infinite recursion if a drive or UNC path
    # contains magic characters (i.e. r'\\?\C:').
if dirname != pathname and has_magic(dirname):
        dirs = _iglob(dirname, recursive, True)
    else:
        dirs = [dirname]
    if has_magic(basename):
        if recursive and _isrecursive(basename):
            glob_in_dir = _glob2
        else:
            glob_in_dir = _glob1
    else:
        glob_in_dir = _glob0
    for dirname in dirs:
        for name in glob_in_dir(dirname, basename, dironly):
            yield os.path.join(dirname, name)

# These 2 helper functions non-recursively glob inside a literal directory.
# They return a list of basenames.  _glob1 accepts a pattern while _glob0
# takes a literal basename (so it only has to check for its existence).

def _glob1(dirname, pattern, dironly):
    names = list(_iterdir(dirname, dironly))
    if not _ishidden(pattern):
        names = (x for x in names if not _ishidden(x))
    return fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)

def _glob0(dirname, basename, dironly):
    if not basename:
        # `os.path.split()` returns an empty basename for paths ending with a
        # directory separator.  'q*x/' should match only directories.
if os.path.isdir(dirname):
            return [basename]
    else:
        if os.path.lexists(os.path.join(dirname, basename)):
            return [basename]
    return []

# Following functions are not public but can be used by third-party code.

def glob0(dirname, pattern):
    return _glob0(dirname, pattern, False)

def glob1(dirname, pattern):
    return _glob1(dirname, pattern, False)

# This helper function recursively yields relative pathnames inside a literal
# directory.

def _glob2(dirname, pattern, dironly):
    assert _isrecursive(pattern)
    yield pattern[:0]
    yield from _rlistdir(dirname, dironly)

# If dironly is false, yields all file names inside a directory.
# If dironly is true, yields only directory names.
def _iterdir(dirname, dironly):
    if not dirname:
        if isinstance(dirname, bytes):
            dirname = bytes(os.curdir, 'ASCII')
        else:
            dirname = os.curdir
    try:
        with os.scandir(dirname) as it:
            for entry in it:
                try:
                    if not dironly or entry.is_dir():
                        yield entry.name
                except OSError:
                    pass
    except OSError:
        return

# Recursively yields relative pathnames inside a literal directory.
def _rlistdir(dirname, dironly):
    names = list(_iterdir(dirname, dironly))
    for x in names:
        if not _ishidden(x):
            yield x
            path = os.path.join(dirname, x) if dirname else x
            for y in _rlistdir(path, dironly):
                yield os.path.join(x, y)

magic_check = re.compile('([*?[])')
magic_check_bytes = re.compile(b'([*?[])')

def has_magic(s):
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        match = magic_check_bytes.search(s)
    else:
        match = magic_check.search(s)
    return match is not None

def _ishidden(path):
    return path[0] in ('.', b'.'[0])

def _isrecursive(pattern):
    if isinstance(pattern, bytes):
        return pattern == b'**'
else:
        return pattern == '**'

def escape(pathname):
    """Escape all special characters.
    """
    # Escaping is done by wrapping any of "*?[" between square brackets.
    # Metacharacters do not work in the drive part and shouldn't be escaped.
drive, pathname = os.path.splitdrive(pathname)
    if isinstance(pathname, bytes):
        pathname = magic_check_bytes.sub(br'[\1]', pathname)
    else:
        pathname = magic_check.sub(r'[\1]', pathname)
    return drive + pathname

py381\Lib\glob.py

"""Filename globbing utility."""

import os
import re
import fnmatch
import sys

__all__ = ["glob", "iglob", "escape"]

def glob(pathname, *, recursive=False):
    """Return a list of paths matching a pathname pattern.

    The pattern may contain simple shell-style wildcards a la
    fnmatch. However, unlike fnmatch, filenames starting with a
    dot are special cases that are not matched by '*' and '?'
    patterns.

    If recursive is true, the pattern '**' will match any files and
    zero or more directories and subdirectories.
    """
return list(iglob(pathname, recursive=recursive))

def iglob(pathname, *, recursive=False):
    """Return an iterator which yields the paths matching a pathname pattern.

    The pattern may contain simple shell-style wildcards a la
    fnmatch. However, unlike fnmatch, filenames starting with a
    dot are special cases that are not matched by '*' and '?'
    patterns.

    If recursive is true, the pattern '**' will match any files and
    zero or more directories and subdirectories.
    """
it = _iglob(pathname, recursive, False)
    if recursive and _isrecursive(pathname):
        s = next(it)  # skip empty string
assert not s
    return it

def _iglob(pathname, recursive, dironly):
    sys.audit("glob.glob", pathname, recursive)
    dirname, basename = os.path.split(pathname)
    if not has_magic(pathname):
        assert not dironly
        if basename:
            if os.path.lexists(pathname):
                yield pathname
        else:
            # Patterns ending with a slash should match only directories
if os.path.isdir(dirname):
                yield pathname
        return
    if not dirname:
        if recursive and _isrecursive(basename):
            yield from _glob2(dirname, basename, dironly)
        else:
            yield from _glob1(dirname, basename, dironly)
        return
# `os.path.split()` returns the argument itself as a dirname if it is a
    # drive or UNC path.  Prevent an infinite recursion if a drive or UNC path
    # contains magic characters (i.e. r'\\?\C:').
if dirname != pathname and has_magic(dirname):
        dirs = _iglob(dirname, recursive, True)
    else:
        dirs = [dirname]
    if has_magic(basename):
        if recursive and _isrecursive(basename):
            glob_in_dir = _glob2
        else:
            glob_in_dir = _glob1
    else:
        glob_in_dir = _glob0
    for dirname in dirs:
        for name in glob_in_dir(dirname, basename, dironly):
            yield os.path.join(dirname, name)

# These 2 helper functions non-recursively glob inside a literal directory.
# They return a list of basenames.  _glob1 accepts a pattern while _glob0
# takes a literal basename (so it only has to check for its existence).

def _glob1(dirname, pattern, dironly):
    names = list(_iterdir(dirname, dironly))
    if not _ishidden(pattern):
        names = (x for x in names if not _ishidden(x))
    return fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)

def _glob0(dirname, basename, dironly):
    if not basename:
        # `os.path.split()` returns an empty basename for paths ending with a
        # directory separator.  'q*x/' should match only directories.
if os.path.isdir(dirname):
            return [basename]
    else:
        if os.path.lexists(os.path.join(dirname, basename)):
            return [basename]
    return []

# Following functions are not public but can be used by third-party code.

def glob0(dirname, pattern):
    return _glob0(dirname, pattern, False)

def glob1(dirname, pattern):
    return _glob1(dirname, pattern, False)

# This helper function recursively yields relative pathnames inside a literal
# directory.

def _glob2(dirname, pattern, dironly):
    assert _isrecursive(pattern)
    yield pattern[:0]
    yield from _rlistdir(dirname, dironly)

# If dironly is false, yields all file names inside a directory.
# If dironly is true, yields only directory names.
def _iterdir(dirname, dironly):
    if not dirname:
        if isinstance(dirname, bytes):
            dirname = bytes(os.curdir, 'ASCII')
        else:
            dirname = os.curdir
    try:
        with os.scandir(dirname) as it:
            for entry in it:
                try:
                    if not dironly or entry.is_dir():
                        yield entry.name
                except OSError:
                    pass
    except OSError:
        return

# Recursively yields relative pathnames inside a literal directory.
def _rlistdir(dirname, dironly):
    names = list(_iterdir(dirname, dironly))
    for x in names:
        if not _ishidden(x):
            yield x
            path = os.path.join(dirname, x) if dirname else x
            for y in _rlistdir(path, dironly):
                yield os.path.join(x, y)

magic_check = re.compile('([*?[])')
magic_check_bytes = re.compile(b'([*?[])')

def has_magic(s):
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        match = magic_check_bytes.search(s)
    else:
        match = magic_check.search(s)
    return match is not None

def _ishidden(path):
    return path[0] in ('.', b'.'[0])

def _isrecursive(pattern):
    if isinstance(pattern, bytes):
        return pattern == b'**'
else:
        return pattern == '**'

def escape(pathname):
    """Escape all special characters.
    """
    # Escaping is done by wrapping any of "*?[" between square brackets.
    # Metacharacters do not work in the drive part and shouldn't be escaped.
drive, pathname = os.path.splitdrive(pathname)
    if isinstance(pathname, bytes):
        pathname = magic_check_bytes.sub(br'[\1]', pathname)
    else:
        pathname = magic_check.sub(r'[\1]', pathname)
    return drive + pathname