一、分支名

  • 分支名不能以斜线结尾
  • 分支名不能以减号开头
  • 以斜杠分割的组件不能以点开头（feature/.new）
  • 分支名的任何地方都不能包含连个连续的点
  • 分支名不能包含空格或空白符
  • 分支名不能包含波浪线~、插入符^、冒号:、问号?、星号*、左括号[，以及ASCII码控制字符

二、创建分支

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch pu-1138

为了在软件2.3发布版本上修复一个BUG，可以指定rel-2.3的分支为开始提交

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch pu-1138 rel-2.3

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch

* master

  pu-1138

[root@localhost public_html]# git show-branch

* [master] mv bar to foo

 ! [pu-1138] mv bar to foo

--

*+ [master] mv bar to foo

[root@localhost public_html]# git show-branch pu-1138

[pu-1138] mv bar to foo

例子：

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch testing

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch

* master

  testing

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html

[root@localhost public_html]# echo 'testing' > test.txt

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html  test.txt

[root@localhost public_html]# git add .

[root@localhost public_html]# git commit -m "add test.txt"

[master b0b257c] add test.txt

 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

 create mode 100644 test.txt

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html  test.txt

[root@localhost public_html]# git checkout testing

Switched to branch 'testing'

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html

[root@localhost public_html]# git checkout master

Switched to branch 'master'

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html  test.txt

[root@localhost public_html]# git checkout -b newtest

Switched to a new branch 'newtest'

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html  test.txt

[root@localhost public_html]# git rm test.txt

rm 'test.txt'

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html

[root@localhost public_html]# git commit -am "removed test.txt"

[newtest 480b789] removed test.txt

 1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)

 delete mode 100644 test.txt

[root@localhost public_html]# git checkout master

Switched to branch 'master'

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html  test.txt

三、检出分支

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch

* master

  pu-1138

[root@localhost public_html]# git checkout pu-1138

Switched to branch 'pu-1138'

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch

  master

* pu-1138

四、删除分支

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch -d pu-1138

Deleted branch pu-1138 (was aa431d9).

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch

* master

五、合并分支

（1）合并一个分支

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch

* master

  newtest

  testing

[root@localhost public_html]# git checkout testing

Switched to branch 'testing'

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html

[root@localhost public_html]# git merge newtest

Updating aa431d9..b488b19

Fast-forward

 yes.html |    1 +

 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

 create mode 100644 yes.html

[root@localhost public_html]# ls

foo.html  index.html  yes.html

（2）合并两个分支

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir fenzhi_total

[root@localhost ~]# cd fenzhi_total/

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# ls

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git init

Initialized empty Git repository in /root/fenzhi_total/.git/

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat > file

Line 1 stuff

Line 2 stuff

Line 3 stuff

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# ls

file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git add file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git commit -m "Initial 3 line file"

[master (root-commit) 2f793c2] Initial 3 line file

 1 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

 create mode 100644 file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat > other_file

Here is stuff on another file!

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git add other_file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git commit -m "Another file"

[master 9f175ec] Another file

 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

 create mode 100644 other_file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git checkout -b alternate master^

Switched to a new branch 'alternate'

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git show-branch

* [alternate] Initial 3 line file

 ! [master] Another file

--

 + [master] Another file

*+ [alternate] Initial 3 line file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat >> file

Line 4 alternate stuff

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git commit -am "Add alternate's line 4"

[alternate c004281] Add alternate's line 4

 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git checkout master

Switched to branch 'master'

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git status

# On branch master

nothing to commit (working directory clean)

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# ls

file  other_file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git merge alternate

Merge made by recursive.

 file |    1 +

 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit

*   bdb04ee Merge branch 'alternate'

|\

| * c004281 Add alternate's line 4

* | 9f175ec Another file

|/

* 2f793c2 Initial 3 line file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat file

Line 1 stuff

Line 2 stuff

Line 3 stuff

Line 4 alternate stuff

（3）有冲突的分支

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git branch

  alternate

* master

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]#

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]#

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git checkout master

Already on 'master'

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat >> file

Line 5 stuff

Line 6 stuff

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git commit -am "Add line 5 and 6"

[master 6e1cf57] Add line 5 and 6

 1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git checkout alternate

Switched to branch 'alternate'

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git show-branch

* [alternate] Add alternate's line 4

 ! [master] Add line 5 and 6

--

 + [master] Add line 5 and 6

*+ [alternate] Add alternate's line 4

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat >> file

Line 5 alternate stuff

Line 6 alternate stuff

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat file

Line 1 stuff

Line 2 stuff

Line 3 stuff

Line 4 alternate stuff

Line 5 alternate stuff

Line 6 alternate stuff

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git diff

diff --git a/file b/file

index a29c52b..802acf8 100644

--- a/file

+++ b/file

@@ -2,3 +2,5 @@ Line 1 stuff

 Line 2 stuff

 Line 3 stuff

 Line 4 alternate stuff

+Line 5 alternate stuff

+Line 6 alternate stuff

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git commit -am "Add alternate line 5 and 6"

[alternate 4596a0d] Add alternate line 5 and 6

 1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git show-branch

* [alternate] Add alternate line 5 and 6

 ! [master] Add line 5 and 6

--

*  [alternate] Add alternate line 5 and 6

 + [master] Add line 5 and 6

*+ [alternate^] Add alternate's line 4

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git checkout master

Switched to branch 'master'

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git merge alternate

Auto-merging file

CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in file

Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

此时出现合并冲突

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git diff

diff --cc file

index 4d77dd1,802acf8..0000000

--- a/file

+++ b/file

@@@ -2,5 -2,5 +2,10 @@@ Line 1 stuf

  Line 2 stuff

  Line 3 stuff

  Line 4 alternate stuff

++<<<<<<< HEAD

 +Line 5 stuff

 +Line 6 stuff

++=======

+ Line 5 alternate stuff

+ Line 6 alternate stuff

++>>>>>>> alternate

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat file

Line 1 stuff

Line 2 stuff

Line 3 stuff

Line 4 alternate stuff

<<<<<<< HEAD

Line 5 stuff

Line 6 stuff

=======

Line 5 alternate stuff

Line 6 alternate stuff

>>>>>>> alternate

此时可以选择只取一边的版本或两边混合（需要手动修改）

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# vim file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# cat file

Line 1 stuff

Line 2 stuff

Line 3 stuff

Line 4 alternate stuff

Line 5 alternate stuff

Line 6 stuff

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git add file

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git commit

[master 5a8e0fa] Merge branch 'alternate'

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git show-branch

! [alternate] Add alternate line 5 and 6

 * [master] Merge branch 'alternate'

--

 - [master] Merge branch 'alternate'

+* [alternate] Add alternate line 5 and 6

[root@localhost fenzhi_total]# git log

commit 5a8e0fa2318cc9d9aa4171d8aaff0105c4a06331

Merge: 6e1cf57 4596a0d

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:24:48 2018 +0800

    Merge branch 'alternate'

    Conflicts:

        file

    change file

commit 4596a0d219ceb1ac33214a8b2f891d7788ea80e5

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:18:11 2018 +0800

    Add alternate line 5 and 6

commit 6e1cf5717cd1012f527262d3108c8fad22dc4dde

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:16:26 2018 +0800

    Add line 5 and 6

commit bdb04eec38411ea7d490054f4d236af783debb3c

Merge: 9f175ec c004281

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:13:20 2018 +0800

    Merge branch 'alternate'

commit c0042812ba692e1a16c0a5e0d9c9dc5e9b1f7a7e

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:12:39 2018 +0800

    Add alternate's line 4

commit 9f175ec6e0e9b85de029969bb1da897a84abc4f5

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:11:03 2018 +0800

    Another file

commit 2f793c27b2bc1ab5b046eec2790e88e751727566

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:10:12 2018 +0800

    Initial 3 line file

（4）处理合并冲突

[root@localhost fz_t]# git init

Initialized empty Git repository in /root/fz_t/.git/

[root@localhost fz_t]# echo hello > hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# git add hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# git commit -m "Initial hello file"

[master (root-commit) 296dfa0] Initial hello file

 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

 create mode 100644 hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# git checkout -b alt

Switched to a new branch 'alt'

[root@localhost fz_t]# echo world >> hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# echo 'Yay!' >> hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# git commit -am "One world"

[alt ea3c204] One world

 1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

[root@localhost fz_t]# git checkout master

Switched to branch 'master'

[root@localhost fz_t]# echo worlds >> hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# echo 'Yay!' >> hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# git commit -am "All worlds"

[master 8f316ee] All worlds

 1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

[root@localhost fz_t]# git merge alt

Auto-merging hello

CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in hello

Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

定位冲突文件

[root@localhost fz_t]# git status

# On branch master

# Unmerged paths:

#   (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)

#

#	both modified:      hello

#

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

[root@localhost fz_t]# git ls-files -u

100644 ce013625030ba8dba906f756967f9e9ca394464a 1	hello

100644 e63164d9518b1e6caf28f455ac86c8246f78ab70 2	hello

100644 562080a4c6518e1bf67a9f58a32a67bff72d4f00 3	hello

检查冲突

[root@localhost fz_t]# git diff HEAD

diff --git a/hello b/hello

index e63164d..1f2f61c 100644

--- a/hello

+++ b/hello

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@

 hello

+<<<<<<< HEAD

 worlds

+=======

+world

+>>>>>>> alt

 Yay!

[root@localhost fz_t]# git diff MERGE_HEAD

diff --git a/hello b/hello

index 562080a..1f2f61c 100644

--- a/hello

+++ b/hello

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@

 hello

+<<<<<<< HEAD

+worlds

+=======

 world

+>>>>>>> alt

 Yay!

或使用以下命令检查

[root@localhost fz_t]# git log --merge --left-right -p hello

commit <8f316ee211109affd61eb89c001ac139f7274406

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:28:35 2018 +0800

    All worlds

diff --git a/hello b/hello

index ce01362..e63164d 100644

--- a/hello

+++ b/hello

@@ -1 +1,3 @@

 hello

+worlds

+Yay!

commit >ea3c2044aae6b375d3cba2fa0ac9ff1d78dd6779

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:27:53 2018 +0800

    One world

diff --git a/hello b/hello

index ce01362..562080a 100644

--- a/hello

+++ b/hello

@@ -1 +1,3 @@

 hello

+world

+Yay!

不使用任何版本，继续修改file

[root@localhost fz_t]# cat hello

hello

worldly ones

Yay!

[root@localhost fz_t]# git diff

diff --cc hello

index e63164d,562080a..0000000

--- a/hello

+++ b/hello

@@@ -1,3 -1,3 +1,3 @@@

  hello

- worlds

 -world

++worldly ones

  Yay!

结束解决冲突

[root@localhost fz_t]# git add hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# git ls-files -s

100644 01e406a245782525e6b02cadf6df25e212563967 0	hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# cat .git/MERGE_MSG

Merge branch 'alt'

Conflicts:

	hello

[root@localhost fz_t]# git commit

[master af5cf67] Merge branch 'alt'

[root@localhost fz_t]# git show

commit af5cf675e311952e5377e5942dd1d7689427eec8

Merge: 8f316ee ea3c204

Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>

Date:   Tue Feb 27 16:38:29 2018 +0800

    Merge branch 'alt'

    Conflicts:

        hello

diff --cc hello

index e63164d,562080a..01e406a

--- a/hello

+++ b/hello

@@@ -1,3 -1,3 +1,3 @@@

  hello

- worlds

 -world

++worldly ones

  Yay!

（5）中止或重新启动合并

git reset --hard HEAD

把工作目录和索引都还原到git merge命令之前

git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD

中止或在它已经结束后放弃

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