python之requests模块快速上手

安装

pip3 install requests

使用

发送请求

import requests

r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')

还可以如下方式发送不同类型请求：

r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'})
r = requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'})
r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

传递URL参数

import requests

# 传递字典
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
print(r.url)  # http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2

# 传递字典套列表
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': ['value2', 'value3']}
r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=payload)
print(r.url)  # http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2&key2=value3

响应文本内容

import requests

r = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
print(r.encoding)  # ISO-8859-1 查看编码
r.encoding = 'utf8'  # 设置编码
print(r.text)

二进制响应内容

import requests

r = requests.get('https://assets.readthedocs.org/sustainability/jetbrains/pycharm3-fs8.png')
file_name = r.url.rsplit('/', maxsplit=1)[1]
with open(file_name, 'wb') as img_file:
    img_file.write(r.content)

JSON响应内容

import requests

# 如果响应内容是 JSON 格式，就可以直接通过r.json()将 json 数据转换为字典
r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
print(r.json())

定制请求头

import requests

url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1'}

r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

复杂POST请求

import requests

# 传递字典
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)

'''
  {
    "key2": "value2",
    "key1": "value1"
  }
'''
# 传递元组
payload = (('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2'))
r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
'''
  {
    "key1": [
      "value1",
      "value2"
    ]
  }
'''

# 传递 JSON
import json

url = 'http://127.0.0.1:5000/'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))
# 此处除了可以自行对 dict 进行编码，你还可以使用 json 参数直接传递，然后它就会被自动编码
r = requests.post(url, json=payload)

POST一个多部分编码(Multipart-Encoded)的文件

import requests

# 上传文件
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)

# 显式地设置文件名，文件类型和请求头
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': ('report.xls', open('report.xls', 'rb'), 'application/vnd.ms-excel', {'Expires': ''})}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)

# 发送作为文件来接收的字符串
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': ('report.csv', 'some,data,to,send\nanother,row,to,send\n')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)

响应状态码

import requests

r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
# 为方便引用，Requests 还附带了一个内置的状态码查询对象：
print(r.status_code == requests.codes.ok)

# 如果发送了一个错误请求(一个 4XX 客户端错误，或者 5XX 服务器错误响应)，我们可以通过 Response.raise_for_status() 来抛出异常
bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/500')
print(bad_r.status_code)  #
bad_r.raise_for_status()  # requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 500 Server Error

响应头

import requests

r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
# 以查看以一个 Python 字典形式展示的服务器响应头：
print(r.headers)
'''
{
    'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18',
    'Date': 'Tue, 25 Dec 2018 06:41:43 GMT',
    'Content-Type': 'text/html',
    'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:28:11 GMT',
    'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked',
    'Connection': 'Keep-Alive',
    'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform',
    'Pragma': 'no-cache',
    'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/',
    'Content-Encoding': 'gzip'
}
'''
# HTTP 头部是大小写不敏感的。因此，我们可以使用任意大小写形式来访问这些响应头字段
print(r.headers['Content-Type'])  # text/html
print(r.headers.get('content-type'))  # text/html

Cookie

import requests

# 如果某个响应中包含一些 cookie，你可以快速访问它们
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
print(r.cookies['example_cookie_name'])

# 要想发送你的cookies到服务器，可以使用 cookies 参数
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)

# Cookie 的返回对象为 RequestsCookieJar，它的行为和字典类似，但接口更为完整，适合跨域名跨路径使用。你还可以把 Cookie Jar 传到 Requests 中
jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
jar.set('tasty_cookie', 'yum', domain='httpbin.org', path='/cookies')
jar.set('gross_cookie', 'blech', domain='httpbin.org', path='/elsewhere')
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
r = requests.get(url, cookies=jar)

重定向与请求历史

import requests

# 默认情况下，除了 HEAD, Requests 会自动处理所有重定向。
# 可以使用响应对象的 history 方法来追踪重定向。
# Response.history 是一个 Response 对象的列表，为了完成请求而创建了这些对象。这个对象列表按照从最老到最近的请求进行排序。
# 例如，Github 将所有的 HTTP 请求重定向到 HTTPS：
r = requests.get('http://github.com')
print(r.url)  # https://github.com/
print(r.history[0].url)  # http://github.com/

# 如果你使用的是 GET、OPTIONS、POST、PUT、PATCH 或者 DELETE，那么你可以通过 allow_redirects 参数禁用重定向处理：
r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False)
print(r.url)  # http://github.com/
print(r.history)  # []

# 如果你使用了 HEAD，你也可以启用重定向：
r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True)

超时

import requests

# 可以告诉 requests 在经过以 timeout 参数设定的秒数时间之后停止等待响应：
requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.001)
'''
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
requests.exceptions.Timeout: HTTPConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=80): Request timed out. (timeout=0.001)
'''

错误与异常

遇到网络问题（如：DNS 查询失败、拒绝连接等）时，Requests 会抛出一个 ConnectionError 异常。

如果 HTTP 请求返回了不成功的状态码， Response.raise_for_status() 会抛出一个 HTTPError 异常。

若请求超时，则抛出一个 Timeout 异常。

若请求超过了设定的最大重定向次数，则会抛出一个 TooManyRedirects 异常。

所有 Requests 显式抛出的异常都继承自 requests.exceptions.RequestException 。

更多

参考：http://docs.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/index.html

示例

requests和bs4爬取汽车之家文章和图片

from gevent import monkey

monkey.patch_all()
import gevent
import requests
import bs4

def save_detail(title, url_txt):
    article_detail_text = requests.get(url_txt).text
    detail_soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(article_detail_text, features="html.parser")
    div_content = detail_soup.find(name='div', id='articleContent')
    p_img_list = div_content.find_all(name='p', attrs={'align': 'center'})
    for p_img in p_img_list:
        if p_img.find(name='img') != None and p_img.find(name='img').attrs != None:
            src = 'https:' + p_img.find(name='img').attrs.get('src')
            filename = src.rsplit('/', maxsplit=1)[1]
            img_resp = requests.get(src)
            with open('images/%s' % filename, 'wb') as f:
                f.write(img_resp.content)
    line_arr = []
    if (div_content != None):
        print(div_content.text)
        for line in div_content.find_all(name='p', align=False, recursive=False):
            line_arr.append(line.text)
        content = '\r\n'.join(line_arr)
        f = open('auto_home_articles/%s.txt' % title.replace('/', ' '), 'w+', encoding="utf-8")
        f.write(content)
        f.close()

def get_list_url():
    response = requests.get('https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/')
    response.encoding = 'gbk'
    list_soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(response.text, features="html.parser")
    # 获取最大页数
    ul_page = list_soup.find(name='div', id='channelPage', class_='page')
    max_page_num = int(ul_page.find(class_='page-item-next').find_previous(name='a').text)

    list_url_template = 'https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/%s/#liststart'
    return [list_url_template % i for i in range(1, max_page_num + 1)]

def start_save(list_url):
    list_page_resp = requests.get(list_url)
    list_page_resp.encoding = 'gbk'
    list_page_soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(list_page_resp.text, features="html.parser")
    div = list_page_soup.find(name='div', id='auto-channel-lazyload-article')
    article_ul = div.find_all(name='ul', attrs={'class': 'article'})
    detail_url_list = []
    for article_list in article_ul:
        article_group = article_list.find_all(name='a')
        for article_item in article_group:
            title = article_item.find(name='h3').text
            url = article_item.attrs.get('href').replace('//', 'http://')
            detail_url_list.append((title, url,))
    gevent.joinall([gevent.spawn(save_detail, detail_url[0], detail_url[1]) for detail_url in detail_url_list])

[start_save(list_url) for list_url in iter(get_list_url())]