Internet History

Alan Turing and Bletchley Park

• Top secret breaking effort(二战破译希特勒密码)
• 10,000 people at the peak(team effort)
• BOMBE:Mechanical Computer（“炸弹”密码破译机）
• Colossus:Electronic Computer(巨人计算机）
  • 优势：真空管
  • 没有内存
  • 纸带
  • 每秒读取5000字符

Bletchley Park（布莱切利公园）

• heroes,good guys
• location:north of London, between Oxford and Cambridge in England
• alias（别名）：X station（X站）

Alan Turing

• Bombe（“炸弹”密码破译机）:12 转、Mechanical Computer、from Bomba
• Turing 并未参与巨人计算机

Post-War

Bletchley Park was closed,Scientists leave separately(such as MIT), They can't forget the high speed of electrons.The upsurge in computer research has been set off.

1940s

• Alumni of the US and UK codebreaking efforts and other started building general purpose computers
  • Manchester Baby
  • Ferranti Mark I:1500 Electron tube
  • Harvard Mark I
  • US Army ENIAC：First Universal Computer （第一台通用计算机）
  • Atanasoff–Berry Computer：First computer （第一台计算机）
  • Mark II:2500 Electron tube

1950s

The value of scholars is valued（学者的价值被重视）

• Math / Science “Won the war”
• Broad-based investment in maintaining the US/West intellectual lead
• Mathemeticians were valued, recruited, brilliant, arrogant, and quirky
• "A Beautiful Mind" gives a sense of the culture of the time

John Forbes Nash(经济学博弈论)

• Received his Phd. Mathematics at Princeton in 1950 at 22 years old
• Mathematics faculty at MIT - 1951 - 1958
• Schizophrenia 1959 - 1995
• Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences - 1994

Phone Line Networking

• Dialup：拨号调解器
• Leased：租用线路（贵）

Dial-Up Access（拨号接入）

• connect to one computer without having to walk across campus
• You could 'call' other computers long distance
• The characters were encoded as sound
• Pretty Common in the 1970’s

Data Transfer with Leased Lines（专用线路数据传输）

• No dialing was needed leased lines are always connected
• connected dedicated phone wires and permanent connections
• Expensive because of limited copper - cost was based on distance
• a dedicated connection between two points from the phone company

Store and Forward Networking（存储转发）

• Saving Money with More "Hops"（节省开支）
• find cloest school to make conetction
• 排队产生的问题
• E-Mail could make it across the country in six hours to about 2 days

BITNET

• Academic network in the 1980’s

Efficient Message Transmission: Packet Switching

• Challenge/Problem: in a simple approach, like store-and-forward, large messages block small ones
• Break each message into packets(大化小)
• Can allow the packets from a single message to travel over different paths, dynamically adjusting for use（允许不同路径）
• Router：Use special-purpose computers, called routers, for the traffic control
• Packets are breaking a big message into small part, labeling each one of them individual, and then throwing them into the shared network

Shared Network

• a problem:circle
• As science needed faster and faster computers, more universities asked for their own Multimillion dollar supercomputer
• The National Science Foundation asked, “Why not buy a few supercomputers, and build up a national shared network?”-->NSF Net
• NSF Net
  • NSFNet was funded by the National Science Foundation
  • Standardized on TCP/IP
  • The first national TCP/IP network that was “inclusive”
  • Initially the goal was all research universities（最初为了高校）
  • In about 1989-1990, the "academic-only" started being relaxed - led to Internet Service Providers making "dial-up Internet" available to the general public(慢慢普及公众)
• Michigan's State-Wide Network
  • In 1969, Merit was one of the earliest network projects that was intended for use by an entire campus population of students, faculty, and alumni.

The Beginning of the Web: CERN

• The Internet was infrastructure - the web gave the Internet a “user interface and URLs
• The Web(万维网） was invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau
• CERN developed browsers and servers - with a goal of worldwide hyperlinked documents

The First Web Server in America

• The first web server in America was at the Stanford Linear Accellerator (SLAC)
• It was a database of 300,000 research papers

1993: Gopher is Dominant

• Gopher BOF - 200 attendees
• World-Wide Web BOF - 15 attendees including Tim Berners-Lee

Mosaic - Netscape - Mozilla - Firefox

• Mosaic：the first “consumer” web browser developed at NCSA
• Netscape Founded - April 4, 1994
• As Microsoft worked to suffocate Netscape::
  • JavaScript ：was invented to compete with Visual Basic (1995)、一种抽象工具、可扩展性强、非Java、simple、free
  • Netscape slowly leaked out into Open Source as Mozilla - which later became FireFox (late 1990's)
• FireFox
  • search box gave the small Mozilla Foundation millions of dollars of revenue（火狐搜索框）
  • leave Netscape, and create firefox(11 persons)