oracle各种用户登录的方式

Oracle有3种用户: system、sys、scott

1、system和sys的差别在与是否能创建数据库
2、sys用户登录创建数据库，
3、scott是给刚開始学习的人学习的用户。学习者能够用Scott登录系统，注意scott用户登录后，就能够使用Oracle提供的数据库和数据表，这些都是oracle提供的。

sqlplus

//这种方式，直接提示输入用户名和密码
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ sqlplus
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 20:28:02 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Enter user-name:

 sqlplus /nolog

//这种方式，不会提示用户名和密码，但是并没有登录任何oracle
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
htstandby2
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 20:30:39 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

//这个时候，你输入sql，提示未连接
SQL> select value from v$parameter where name='instance_name';
SP2-0640: Not connected
//要进行连接，登录
SQL> conn /as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> select value from v$parameter where name='instance_name';
VALUE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
htstandby2

一、sqlplus /nolog登录方式

//为防止看到密码，直接用这种方式
[oracle@shdb02 expdir]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 19:01:17 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL>

演示1：sqlplus /nolog (conn ./as sysdba)

oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 20:39:42 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
SQL> conn ./as sysdba

Enter password:
Connected.
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

//我们history一下
1041 conn ./as sysdba
1042 sqlplus
1043 sqlplus /nolog
1044 sqlplus
1045 history
//并没有看到密码

演示2：sqlplus /nolog (conn /as sysdba) 
 //conn /as sysdba操作系统认证登录

oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 20:39:42 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
SQL>  conn /as sysdba
Connected.

演示3: sqlplus /nolog(conn username/passwd)

//一般是启动sqlplus但不进行连接操作,nolog 选项会启动sqlplus, 但不连接数据库,但是也可以连接
[oracle@shdb02 expdir]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
fpmai2
[oracle@shfpdb02 expdir]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 19:07:29 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
//进入sqlplus 输入用户名和密码
SQL> conn sh/Shdb12
Connected.
SQL> select value from v$parameter where name='instance_name';
VALUE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fp2
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

二、sqlplus登录方式

//直接启动sqlplus，进入sqlplus命令行,提示进入哪个用户
[oracle@shdb02 expdir]$ sqlplus
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 19:02:39 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Enter user-name: shfp
Enter password:
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL>

三、sqlplus / as sysdba 登录方式
//这种方式是直接登录了实例，当然也可以连接其他用户

演示1

[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
fpmai2
[oracle@shfpdb02 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 19:17:46 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
//查看当前的实例
SQL> select value from v$parameter where name='instance_name';
VALUE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fp2
//查询当前的用户
SQL> select user from dual;
USER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYS
//如果你想连其他用户,设置错误
SQL> conn shp/sr
ERROR:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
Error accessing PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE
Warning: Product user profile information not loaded!
You may need to run PUPBLD.SQL as SYSTEM

//下面是具体的操作过程，出现错误----- 1、实例和用户不匹配的
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
ht
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ sqlplus /nolog  //(进入sqlplus环境，不登录)
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 21:24:54 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> conn shp/Shdbrrrr    //shp用户为fp实例的用户，并不是ht的，所以出现错误
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
SQL> exit
//进入fp实例
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=fp
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 21:25:23 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> conn shp/sr
Connected.
//查看当前登录用户
 SQL> select user from dual;
 USER
 ------------------------------
 SH
 //查看该用户所属的表空间
 SQL> select * from dba_tablespaces;

演示2：

//如果你想查表空间，需要登录某个用户,而不是SYS用户
[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 21:33:18 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> select * from dba_tablespaces;
SP2-0640: Not connected

手工建库之后登录

oracle@prd:/home/oracle$export ORACLE_SID=fp
oracle@prd:/home/oracle$echo $ORACLE_SID
fp
oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 21:04:35 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
SQL> select value from v$parameter where name='instance_name';
SP2-0640: Not connected
SQL> conn sh/sh12
ERROR:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
Error accessing PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE
Warning:  Product user profile information not loaded!
You may need to run PUPBLD.SQL as SYSTEM
Connected.
//出现上面的提示，这种提示会导致很多其他操作也会失败.下面有解决方式

//解决办法

  需要使用system用户登陆并执行 pupbld.sql脚本,每个安装不同，所以这个脚本位置不同

oracle@prd:/home/oracle$locate pupbld.sql
/u01/oracle/product/11.2.0/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql

oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 21:17:12 2022

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

SQL> conn /as sysdba  //超级管理员身份登录
Connected.

//修改system的密码，这个当中,system密码已找不到,需要重新修改密码

SQL> alter user system identified by abci12;

User altered.

SQL> conn system/abc12
Connected.
//执行pupbld.sql

SQL> @/u01/oracle/product/11.2.0/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql
DROP SYNONYM PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01434: private synonym to be dropped does not exist

DATE_VALUE FROM PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE
*
ERROR at line 3:
ORA-00980: synonym translation is no longer valid

DROP TABLE PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

ALTER TABLE SQLPLUS_PRODUCT_PROFILE ADD (LONG_VALUE LONG)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

Table created.

DROP TABLE PRODUCT_PROFILE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

DROP VIEW PRODUCT_PRIVS
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

View created.

Grant succeeded.

Synonym dropped.

Synonym created.

DROP SYNONYM PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01434: private synonym to be dropped does not exist

Synonym created.

Synonym dropped.

Synonym created.

SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
oracle@prod:/home/oracle$sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 21:25:15 2022

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

//连接成功

SQL> conn sh/sh12
Connected.

###################登录系统账户############################################################################################################
as sysdba 就是以sysdba登录，oracle登录身份有三种：

1、normal 普通身份；
2、sysdba 系统管理员身份；
启动和关闭操作
更改数据库状态为打开/装载/备份，更改字符集
创建数据库
创建服务器参数文件spfile
日志归档和恢复
包含了“会话权限”权限
3、sysoper 系统操作员身份。
启动和关闭操作
更改数据库状态为打开/装载/备份
创建服务器参数文件SPFILE
日志归档和恢复
包含了“会话权限”权限

数据库用sysdba登录的验证有两种方式，
一种是通过OS认证，
一种是通过密码文件验证；登录方式有两种，
一种是在数据库主机直接登录（用os认证的方式）。

演示 sys 登录方式

[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ sqlplus
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sat Mar 19 21:53:42 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Enter user-name: sys as sysdba
Enter password:**********
/****
还可以这样
sqlplus sys as sysdba
Enter user-name：sys
Enter password：password as sysdba --以sys用户登陆的话 必须要加上 as sysdba 子句
**/

演示 sqlplus + sys as sysdba 方式登录,直接输入密码

[oracle@shdb02 ~]$ sqlplus sys as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 19:43:30 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Enter password: ******
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL>
SQL> select user from dual; //查看当前用户
USER
------------------------------
SYS

进入51.10的sys 用户下

演示1：

//当前实例fp
oracle@prd:/home/oracle$echo $ORACLE_SID
fpmai
oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus sys as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 19:12:16 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Enter password:
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL> select user from dual;
USER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYS
SQL>set pagesize 0
SQL>set line 8888
SQL>select * from dba_tablespaces; 

演示2：
//我们在换一个实例prd看下

oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus sys as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Mar 20 19:12:16 2022
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Enter password:
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL> select user from dual;
USER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYS
//显示的是这个实例的内容
SQL> select * from dba_tablespaces;
//查看当前用户
SQL> show user;
USER is "SYS"
//查看当前数据库实例
SQL> show parameter instance_name;
instance_name    string    prd

四、演示默认学习用户scott,默认密码是tiger

oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus /nolog
SQL> conn scott/tiger
ERROR:
ORA-28000: the account is locked

SQL> exit
oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon Mar 21 20:28:21 2022

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

SQL> conn / as sysdba  //用超级管理账户登录
Connected.
SQL> alter user scott account unlock;   //解锁

User altered.

SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

//重新登录sqlplus软件，/nolog表示没有任何用户登录
oracle@prd:/home/oracle$sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon Mar 21 20:28:53 2022

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

SQL> conn scott/tiger  //提示密码已过期，重新设置
ERROR:
ORA-28001: the password has expired
Changing password for scott
New password:
Retype new password:
Password changed
Connected.

SQL> show user;
  USER is "SCOTT"

SQL>alter user scott identified by tiger;  

User altered.