linux下自动创建设备文件节点---class

在驱动模块初始化函数中实现设备节点的自动创建

我们在刚开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候，很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点，实际上Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数，可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点，并在卸载模块时删除该节点，当然前提条件是用户空间移植了udev。

内核中定义了struct class结构体，顾名思义，一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类，内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数，可以用它来创建一个类，这个类存放于sysfs下面，一旦创建好了这个类，再调用device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样，加载模块的时候，用户空间中的udev会自动响应device_create(…)函数，去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。

注意，在2.6较早的内核版本中，device_create(…)函数名称不同，是class_device_create(…)，所以在新的内核中编译以前的模块程序有时会报错，就是因为函数名称不同，而且里面的参数设置也有一些变化。

struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定义在/include/linux/device.h中，使用的时候一定要包含这个头文件，否则编译器会报错。

在2.6.26.6内核版本中，struct class定义在头文件include/linux/device.h中：

/*
      * device classes
      */
    struct class {
      const char       *name;
      struct module     *owner;

nbsp;struct kset        subsys;
      struct list_head        devices;
      struct list_head        interfaces;
      struct kset             class_dirs;
      struct semaphore sem;    /* lockschildren, devices, interfaces */
      struct class_attribute   *class_attrs;
      struct device_attribute     *dev_attrs;

int (*dev_uevent)(structdevice *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);

void (*class_release)(structclass *class);
      void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);

int (*suspend)(struct device*dev, pm_message_t state);
      int (*resume)(struct device *dev);

};

class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中实现： 
     /**
    * class_create - create a struct class structure
    * @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own"this struct class
    * @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
    *
    * This is used to create a struct class pointer that canthen be used
    * in calls to device_create().
    *
    * Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed whenfinished by
    * making a call to class_destroy().
    */
   struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, const char *name)
   {
      struct class *cls;
      int retval;
      cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);
      if (!cls) {
           retval = -ENOMEM;
           goto error;
      }

cls->name = name;
      cls->owner = owner;
      cls->class_release =class_create_release;

retval =class_register(cls);
      if (retval)
           goto error;

return cls;

error:
      kfree(cls);
      return ERR_PTR(retval);
    }
    第一个参数指定类的所有者是哪个模块，第二个参数指定类名。 
    在class.c中，还定义了class_destroy(…)函数，用于在模块卸载时删除类。

/**

*class_destroy - destroys a struct class structure

*@cs: pointer to the struct class that is to be destroyed

*

*Note, the pointer to be destroyed must have been created with a call

*to class_create().

*/

void class_destroy(struct class *cls)

{

if((cls == NULL) || (IS_ERR(cls)))

return;

class_unregister(cls);

}

device_create(…)函数在/drivers/base/core.c中实现： 
    /**
     * device_create - creates a device and registersit with sysfs
     * @class: pointer to the struct class that thisdevice should be registered to
     * @parent: pointer to the parent struct device ofthis new device, if any
     * @devt: the dev_t for the char device to beadded
     * @fmt: string for the device's name
     *
     * This function can be used by char deviceclasses. A struct device
     * will be created in sysfs, registered to thespecified class.
     *
     * A "dev" file will be created, showingthe dev_t for the device, if
     * the dev_t is not 0,0.
     * If a pointer to a parent struct device ispassed in, the newly created
     * struct device will be a child of that device insysfs.
     * The pointer to the struct device will bereturned from the call.
     * Any further sysfs files that might be requiredcan be created using this
     * pointer.
     *
     * Note: the struct class passed to this functionmust have previously
     * been created with a call to class_create().
     */
    struct device *device_create(struct class *class,struct device *parent,
                        dev_tdevt, const char *fmt, ...)
    {
         va_list vargs;
         struct device *dev;

va_start(vargs,fmt);
         dev =device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt, NULL, fmt, vargs);
         va_end(vargs);
         return dev;
    }

第一个参数指定所要创建的设备所从属的类，第二个参数是这个设备的父设备，如果没有就指定为NULL，第三个参数是设备号，第四个参数是设备名称，第五个参数是从设备号。

Device_destroy函数

/**

*device_destroy - removes a device that was created with device_create()

*@class: pointer to the struct class that this device was registered with

*@devt: the dev_t of the device that was previously registered

*

*This call unregisters and cleans up a device that was created with a

*call to device_create().

*/

void device_destroy(struct class *class,dev_t devt)

{

structdevice *dev = NULL;

structdevice *dev_tmp;

down(&class->sem);

list_for_each_entry(dev_tmp,&class->devices, node) {

if(dev_tmp->devt == devt) {

dev= dev_tmp;

break;

}

}

up(&class->sem);

if(dev)

device_unregister(dev);

}

下面以一个简单字符设备驱动来展示如何使用这几个函数 
    #include <linux/module.h>
    #include <linux/kernel.h>
    #include <linux/init.h>
    #include <linux/fs.h>
    #include <linux/cdev.h>
    #include <linux/device.h>

MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");

int hello_major = 555;
    int hello_minor = 0;
    int number_of_devices = 1;

struct cdev cdev;
    dev_t dev = 0;

struct file_operations hello_fops = {
      .owner = THIS_MODULE
    };

static void char_reg_setup_cdev (void)
    {
       int error, devno = MKDEV(hello_major, hello_minor);
       cdev_init (&cdev,&hello_fops);
       cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
       cdev.ops = &hello_fops;
       error = cdev_add (&cdev, devno ,1);
       if (error)
           printk(KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev", error);

}

struct class *my_class;

static int __init hello_2_init (void)
    {
       int result;
       dev = MKDEV (hello_major,hello_minor);
       result = register_chrdev_region (dev,number_of_devices, "hello");
       if (result<0) {
           printk(KERN_WARNING "hello: can't get major number %d\n", hello_major);
           returnresult;
     }

char_reg_setup_cdev ();

/* create your own class under/sysfs */
     my_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE,"my_class");
     if(IS_ERR(my_class)) 
     {
          printk("Err:failed in creating class.\n");
          return -1; 
      }

/* register your own devicein sysfs, and this will cause udev to create corresponding device node */
      device_create( my_class, NULL,MKDEV(hello_major, 0), "hello" "%d", 0 );

printk (KERN_INFO"Registered character driver\n");
      return 0;
    }

static void __exit hello_2_exit (void)
    {
       dev_t devno = MKDEV (hello_major,hello_minor);
       cdev_del (&cdev);

device_destroy(my_class,MKDEV(adc_major, 0));         //deletedevice node under /dev
       class_destroy(my_class);                             //delete class created by us

unregister_chrdev_region(devno, number_of_devices);

printk (KERN_INFO"char driver cleaned up\n");
    }

module_init (hello_2_init);
    module_exit (hello_2_exit);

这样，模块加载后，就能在/dev目录下找到hello0这个设备节点了。