OpenCASCADE General Transformation

eryar@163.com

Abstract. OpenCASCADE provides a general transformation class: gp_GTrsf. It can be a transformation from gp, an affinity, or you can define your own transformation giving the matrix of transformation. The general transformation contains the vectorial part of the transformation and the translation part. A GTrsf transformation is only applicable to coordinates. Be careful if you apply such a transformation to all points of a geometric object, as this can change the nature of the object and thus render it incoherent. Typically a circle is transformed into an ellipse by an affinity transformation. To avoid modifying the nature of an object, use a gp_Trsf transformation instead, as objects of this class respect the nature of geometric objects.

Key Words. OpenCASCADE, Transformation, Affinity Transformation

1. Introduction

仿射变换(Affinity Transformation)是指线性变换后接着平移。因此,仿射变换的集合是线性变换的超集,任何线性变换都是仿射变换,但不是所有的仿射变换都是线性变换。

仿射变换的定义如下:在空间直角坐标系下,点(x,y,z)与点(x’, y’,z’)之间的变换

称为仿射变换。如果采用特殊的齐次坐标来表达,仿射变换也可用下列形式:

空间仿射变换是把平面变换到平面,直线变换到直线。两个平行平面的像也是平行的。共线三点的的简单比是不变量。平行六面体的体积是权为1的相对不变量。

OpenCASCADE的TKMath库中提供了这上仿射变换类gp_GTrsf,它能执行比gp_Trsf更通用的变换。对于TopoDS_Shape,OpenCASCADE分别提供了如下两个类进行变换:

v BRepBuilderAPI_GTransform

v BRepBuilderAPI_Transform

本文在OpenCASCADE Draw Test Harness中给出这两个类实现变换的结果。如果不想改变几何的特性,只想改变模型的位置或朝向,建议采用BRepBuilderAPI_Transform。

2.BRepBuilderAPI_Transform

OpenCASCADE中使用算法BRepBuilderAPI_Transform来实现:平移、旋转、缩放及镜像变换。在Draw Test Harness中实现的函数代码如下所示:

static Standard_Integer transform(Draw_Interpretor& di,Standard_Integer n,const char** a)
{
if (n <= ) return ; gp_Trsf T;
Standard_Integer last = n;
const char* aName = a[]; Standard_Boolean isBasic = Standard_False; if (!strcmp(aName,"reset")) {
}
else {
isBasic = (aName[] == 'b');
aName++; if (!strcmp(aName,"move")) {
if (n < ) return ;
TopoDS_Shape SL = DBRep::Get(a[n-]);
if (SL.IsNull()) return ;
T = SL.Location().Transformation();
last = n-;
}
else if (!strcmp(aName,"translate")) {
if (n < ) return ;
T.SetTranslation(gp_Vec(Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-])));
last = n-;
}
else if (!strcmp(aName,"rotate")) {
if (n < ) return ;
T.SetRotation(gp_Ax1(gp_Pnt(Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-])),
gp_Vec(Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-]))),
Draw::Atof(a[n-])* (M_PI / 180.0));
last = n-;
}
else if (!strcmp(aName,"mirror")) {
if (n < ) return ;
T.SetMirror(gp_Ax2(gp_Pnt(Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-])),
gp_Vec(Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-]))));
last = n-;
}
else if (!strcmp(aName,"scale")) {
if (n < ) return ;
T.SetScale(gp_Pnt(Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-]),Draw::Atof(a[n-])),Draw::Atof(a[n-]));
last = n-;
}
} if (T.Form() == gp_Identity || isBasic) {
TopLoc_Location L(T);
for (Standard_Integer i = ; i < last; i++) {
TopoDS_Shape S = DBRep::Get(a[i]);
if (S.IsNull())
di << a[i] << " is not a valid shape\n";
else
DBRep::Set(a[i],S.Located(L));
}
}
else {
BRepBuilderAPI_Transform trf(T);
for (Standard_Integer i = ; i < last; i++) {
TopoDS_Shape S = DBRep::Get(a[i]);
if (S.IsNull()) {
di << a[i] << " is not a valid shape\n";
}
else {
trf.Perform(S);
if (!trf.IsDone())
return ;
DBRep::Set(a[i],trf.Shape());
}
}
}
return ;
}

下面给出应用Tcl脚本来实现这些变换的例子:

# make rotated copies of a sphere in between two cylinders
# create a file source toto.tcl
# toto.tcl code:
pload ALL

#create a sphere
psphere s 3
ttranslate s 25 0 12.

for {set i 0} {$i < 360} {incr i 20} {
    copy s s$i
    trotate s$i 0 0 0 0 0 1 $i
    
    vdisplay s$i
}
# create two cylinders
pcylinder c1 30 5
copy c1 c2
ttranslate c2 0 0 20
vdisplay c1 c2 s

脚本运行效果如下图所示:

Figure 2.1 Transform Tcl demo

从Draw中实现的函数来看,移动、旋转及缩放变换都是使用类

BRepBuilderAPI_Transformation来实现。Tcl脚本中先创建出一个球体,再平移后,复制13份,最后又创建出两个圆柱体。如果要对TopoDS_Shape进行变换且不改变其中的几何性质,建议都使用这个类来完成。

3.BRepBuilderAPI_GTransform

在OpenCASCADE也可使用仿射变换BRepBuilderAPI_GTransform来对形状实现上述变换操作,还可提供变形的变换,因此仿射变换是更一般的变换方法。在Draw中实现的函数代码如下所示:

///=======================================================================
// gtransform
//=======================================================================
static Standard_Integer deform(Draw_Interpretor& di,Standard_Integer n,const char** a)
{
  if (n <= 1) return 1;
  
  Standard_Integer last = n;
  
  gp_Trsf T;
  gp_GTrsf GT(T);
  
//  gp_Mat rot(Draw::Atof(a[last-3]),0,0,0,Draw::Atof(a[last-2]),0,0,0,Draw::Atof(a[last-1]));
  gp_Mat rot(Draw::Atof(a[3]),0,0,0,Draw::Atof(a[4]),0,0,0,Draw::Atof(a[5]));
  GT.SetVectorialPart(rot);
  last -= 3;
  BRepBuilderAPI_GTransform gtrf(GT);
  BRepBuilderAPI_NurbsConvert nbscv;
  //  for (Standard_Integer i = 1; i < last; i++) {
  //    TopoDS_Shape S = DBRep::Get(a[i]);
  TopoDS_Shape S = DBRep::Get(a[2]);    
  if (S.IsNull()) {
    //cout << a[2] << " is not a valid shape" << endl;
    di << a[2] << " is not a valid shape" << "\n";
  }
  else {
    gtrf.Perform(S);
    if (gtrf.IsDone()){
      DBRep::Set(a[1],gtrf.Shape());
    }
    else {
      return 1;
    }
  }
  
  return 0;
}

根据仿射变换的定义,给定一个球面的数学表达式:

应用如下的仿射变换,将会得到一个椭球面:

由变换公式解得:

将它代入球面方程得到:

在Draw中使用BRepBuilderAPI_GTransform变换得到如下图所示:

Figure 3.1 Shape Deformation

关于仿射变换有个重要定理:一般仿射变换是正交变换、沿着三个互相正交方向的压缩或放大和平移这三者的乘积。上述命令的实现代码就是设置了仿射矩阵中的a,b和c值,从而达到对模型变形的效果。

4.Conclusion

在
三维建模软件中经常需要对模型的位置和其朝向进行变换,如果不想改变模型中的几何特性,在OpenCASCADE中建议使用类
BRepBuilderAPI_Transform来实现。如果需要对模型进行更通用的变换即仿射变换,可以使用类
BRepBuilderAPI_GTransform来实现。使用此类后,会改变模型中的几何特性,必须谨慎使用。

5. References

1. OpenCASCADE, OpenCASCADE Draw Test Harness User Guide, 2014

2. 苏步表, 华宣积. 应用几何教程. 复旦大学出版社. 2012

3. Fletcher Dunn. 3D Math Primer for Graphics and Game Development. Wordware. 2002

OpenCASCADE General Transformation的更多相关文章

  1. (zhuan) Attention in Neural Networks and How to Use It

    Adam Kosiorek About Attention in Neural Networks and How to Use It this blog comes from: http://akos ...

  2. OpenCASCADE AIS Manipulator

    OpenCASCADE AIS Manipulator eryar@163.com Abstract. OpenCASCADE7.1.0 introduces new built-in interac ...

  3. OpenCASCADE Shape Location

    OpenCASCADE Shape Location eryar@163.com Abstract. The TopLoc package of OpenCASCADE gives resources ...

  4. OpenCASCADE Ring Type Spring Modeling

    OpenCASCADE Ring Type Spring Modeling eryar@163.com Abstract. The general method to directly create ...

  5. A Simple OpenCASCADE Qt Demo-occQt

    A Simple OpenCASCADE Qt Demo-occQt eryar@163.com Abstract. OpenCASCADE have provided the Qt samples ...

  6. OpenCASCADE View Manipulator

    OpenCASCADE View Manipulator eryar@163.com Abstract. When you finish modeling objects in the scene, ...

  7. OpenCASCADE Coordinate Transforms

    OpenCASCADE Coordinate Transforms eryar@163.com Abstract. The purpose of the OpenGL graphics process ...

  8. OpenCASCADE Camera

    OpenCASCADE Camera eryar@163.com Abstract. OpenCASCADE introduce a new class Graphic3d_Camera for th ...

  9. OpenCASCADE Quaternion

    OpenCASCADE Quaternion eryar@163.com Abstract. The quaternions are members of a noncommutative divis ...

随机推荐

  1. linux shell basic command

    Learning basic Linux commands Command Description $ ls This command is used to check the contents of ...

  2. Unity Android加密DLL笔记

    unity mono 地址:https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/mono 下载与unity版本对应的unity mono. brew安装:http://brew ...

  3. cookie的基本用法案例

    注:cookie必须在服务器环境下有效. 步骤讲解: 1,引入cookie文件: 2,设置过期时间: var date = new Date(); date.setTime(date.getTime( ...

  4. Linux上Tomcat部署JavaWeb项目

    一.安装JDK 配置java的环境变量,修改/etc/profile文件:vi /etc/profile 然后按下字母i进入插入模式, shift+insert粘贴; esc退出编辑; :wq保存退出 ...

  5. 为什么commonjs不适合于浏览器端

    有了服务器端模块以后,很自然地,大家就想要客户端模块.而且最好两者能够兼容,一个模块不用修改,在服务器和浏览器都可以运行. 但是,由于一个重大的局限,使得CommonJS规范不适用于浏览器环境.还是上 ...

  6. Excel数据导入数据库的SQL快速生成

    =CONCATENATE("insert into table_name(id, code, name, remark) values (uuid(),'",B2,"', ...

  7. Visual Studio 2015 如何将全英界面转成中文

    1 启动VS2015程序,在菜单栏中找到tools 2 在弹出的下拉窗口中选中options 3 此时弹出的对话框,选中Environment下的international setting 4 点击获 ...

  8. IOAPIC重定位中断处理函数思路整理

    因为小可并非硬件编程出身,汇编基础又比较差...所以刚开始理解利用IOAPIC重定位技术的时候相当困难. 何为IOAPIC? 首先,必须认识到它是一个硬件,可编程的硬件.我理解的它在整个流程中的作用如 ...

  9. 浏览器访问Servlet

    浏览器访问Servlet1.指定一个Servlet路径(                     在web.xml :              <servlet>             ...

  10. shell脚本删除指定mobileprovision

    由于某种原因,xcode帮我按照了几千个开发和上线证书,需要删除这部分证书: #dir="/Users/Ethan/Library/MobileDevice/Provisioning Pro ...