linux命令总结之date命令

命令简介：

date 根据给定格式显示日期或设置系统日期时间。print or set the system date and time

指令所在路径：/bin/date

命令语法：

date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]

date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

命令参数：

参数	描述
-d	显示字符串描述的时间
-f	显示DATEFILE文件中的每行时间
-r	显示文件的最后修改时间
-R	以RFC-2822兼容日期格式显示时间
-rfc-2822	以RFC-2822兼容日期格式显示时间
-s	设置时间为string
-u	显示或设定为Coordinated Universal Time时间格式
--help	显示date命令的帮助信息
--version	显示date命令的版本信息

Format参数格式

要说写这位程序的 David MacKenzie老兄，真是事无巨细啊，居然整了这么多格式参数，佩服佩服。

参数	描述
%%	显示字符%
%a	星期几的缩写(Sun..Sat)
%A	星期几的完整名称（Sunday...Saturday）
%b	月份的缩写(Jan..Dec)
%B	月份的完整名称(January..December)
%c	日期与时间。只输入date指令也会显示同样的结果
%C	世纪(年份除100后去整) [00-99]
%d	日期(以01-31来表示)。
%D	日期(含年月日)。
%e	一个月的第几天 ( 1..31)
%F	日期，同%Y-%m-%d
%g	年份(yy)
%G	年份(yyyy)
%h	同%b
%H	小时(00..23)
%I	小时(01..12)
%j	一年的第几天(001..366)
%k	小时( 0..23)
%l	小时( 1..12)
%m	月份(01..12)
%M	分钟(00..59)
%n	换行
%N	纳秒(000000000..999999999)
%p	AM or PM
%P	am or pm
%r	12小时制时间(hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
%R	24小时制时间(hh:mm)
%s	从00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC开始的秒数
%S	秒(00..60)
%t	制表符
%T	24小时制时间(hh:mm:ss)
%u	一周的第几天(1..7); 1 表示星期一
%U	一年的第几周，周日为每周的第一天(00..53)
%V	一年的第几周，周一为每周的第一天 (01..53)
%w	一周的第几天 (0..6); 0 代表周日
%W	一年的第几周，周一为每周的第一天(00..53)
%x	日期(mm/dd/yy)
%X	时间(%H:%M:%S)
%y	年份(00..99)
%Y	年份 (1970…)
%z	RFC-2822 风格数字格式时区(-0500)
%Z	时区(e.g., EDT), 无法确定时区则为空

使用示例：

1： 查看date命令帮助信息

 [root@Gin scripts]# date --help
 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
   or:  date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.

   -d, --date=STRING         display time described by STRING, not `now'
   -f, --file=DATEFILE       like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
   -r, --reference=FILE      display the last modification time of FILE
   -R, --rfc-            output date and time in RFC  format.
                             Example: Mon,  Aug  :: -
       --rfc-=TIMESPEC   output date and time in RFC  format.
                             TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for
                             date and time to the indicated precision.
                             Date and time components are separated by
                             a single space: -- ::-:
   -s, --set=STRING          set time described by STRING
   -u, --utc, --universal    print or set Coordinated Universal Time
       --help     display this help and exit
       --version  output version information and exit

 FORMAT controls the output.  Interpreted sequences are:

   %%   a literal %
   %a   locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
   %A   locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
   %b   locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
   %B   locale's full month name (e.g., January)
   %c   locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar  3 23:05:25 2005)
   %C   century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., )
   %d   day of month (e.g, )
   %D   date; same as %m/%d/%y
   %e   day of month, space padded; same as %_d
   %F   full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
   %g   last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
   %G   year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
   %h   same as %b
   %H   hour (..)
   %I   hour (..)
   %j   day of year (..)
   %k   hour ( ..)
   %l   hour ( ..)
   %m   month (..)
   %M   minute (..)
   %n   a newline
   %N   nanoseconds (..)
   %p   locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
   %P   like %p, but lower case
   %r   locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
   %R   -hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
   %s   seconds since -- :: UTC
   %S   second (..)
   %t   a tab
   %T   time; same as %H:%M:%S
   %u   day of week (..);  is Monday
   %U   week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (..)
   %V   ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (..)
   %w   day of week (..);  is Sunday
   %W   week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (..)
   %x   locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
   %X   locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
   %y   last two digits of year (..)
   %Y   year
   %z   +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -)
   %:z  +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -:)
   %::z  +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -::)
   %:::z  numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -, +:)
   %Z   alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)

 By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.
 The following optional flags may follow `%':

   -  (hyphen) do not pad the field
   _  (underscore) pad with spaces
     (zero) pad with zeros
   ^  use upper case if possible
   #  use opposite case if possible

 After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;
 then an optional modifier, which is either
 E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or
 O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.

 Report date bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
 GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
 General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
 For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'date invocation'

date --help

 [root@Gin scripts]# man date
 DATE()                          User Commands                         DATE()

 NAME
        date - print or set the system date and time

 SYNOPSIS
        date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
        date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

 DESCRIPTION
        Display  the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system
 :
 DATE()                          User Commands                         DATE()

 NAME
        date - print or set the system date and time

 SYNOPSIS
        date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
        date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

 DESCRIPTION
        Display  the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system
        date.

        -d, --date=STRING
               display time described by STRING, not ‘now’

        -f, --file=DATEFILE
               like --date once for each line of DATEFILE

        -r, --reference=FILE
               display the last modification time of FILE

        -R, --rfc-
               output date and time in RFC  format.   Example:  Mon,
                Aug  :: -

        --rfc-=TIMESPEC
               output   date   and  time  in  RFC    format.   TIME-
               SPEC=‘date’, ‘seconds’, or ‘ns’ for date and time to  the
               indicated  precision.  Date and time components are sepa-
               rated by a single space: -- ::-:

        -s, --set=STRING
               set time described by STRING

        -u, --utc, --universal
               print or set Coordinated Universal Time

        --help display this help and exit

        --version
               output version information and exit

        FORMAT controls the output.  Interpreted sequences are:

        %%     a literal %

        %a     locale’s abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)

        %A     locale’s full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)

        %b     locale’s abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)

        %B     locale’s full month name (e.g., January)

        %c     locale’s date and time (e.g., Thu Mar   :: )

        %C     century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., )

        %d     day of month (e.g, )

        %D     date; same as %m/%d/%y

        %e     day of month, space padded; same as %_d

        %F     full date; same as %Y-%m-%d

        %g     last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)

        %G     year of ISO week number (see %V);  normally  useful  only
               with %V

        %h     same as %b

        %H     hour (..)

        %I     hour (..)

        %j     day of year (..)

        %k     hour ( ..)

        %l     hour ( ..)

        %m     month (..)

        %M     minute (..)

        %n     a newline

        %N     nanoseconds (..)

        %p     locale’s  equivalent  of  either  AM  or PM; blank if not
               known

        %P     like %p, but lower case

        %r     locale’s -hour clock time (e.g., :: PM)

        %R     -hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M

        %s     seconds since -- :: UTC

        %S     second (..)

        %t     a tab

        %T     time; same as %H:%M:%S

        %u     day of week (..);  is Monday

        %U     week number of year, with Sunday as  first  day  of  week
               (..)

        %V     ISO  week  number,  with  Monday  as  first  day  of week
               (..)

        %w     day of week (..);  is Sunday

        %W     week number of year, with Monday as  first  day  of  week
               (..)

        %x     locale’s date representation (e.g., //)

        %X     locale’s time representation (e.g., ::)

        %y     last two digits of year (..)

        %Y     year

        %z     +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -)

        %:z    +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -:)

        %::z   +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -::)

        %:::z  numeric  time  zone  with : to necessary precision (e.g.,
               -, +:)

        %Z     alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)

        By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.  The following
        optional flags may follow ‘%’:

        -      (hyphen) do not pad the field

        _      (underscore) pad with spaces

              (zero) pad with zeros

        ^      use upper case if possible

        #      use opposite case if possible

        After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal num-
        ber; then an optional modifier, which is either  E  to  use  the
        locale’s alternate representations if available, or O to use the
        locale’s alternate numeric symbols if available.

 DATE STRING
        The --date=STRING is a mostly free format  human  readable  date
        string  such as "Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800" or "2004-02-29
        ::" or even "next Thursday".  A date  string  may  contain
        items  indicating  calendar date, time of day, time zone, day of
        week, relative time,  relative  date,  and  numbers.   An  empty
        string indicates the beginning of the day.  The date string for-
        mat is more complex than is easily documented here but is  fully
        described in the info documentation.

 ENVIRONMENT
        TZ     Specifies the timezone, unless overridden by command line
               parameters.  If neither is specified,  the  setting  from
               /etc/localtime is used.

 AUTHOR
        Written by David MacKenzie.

 REPORTING BUGS
        Report date bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
        GNU   coreutils  home  page:  <http://www.gnu.org/software/core-
        utils/>
        General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
        Report  date   translation   bugs   to   <http://translationpro-
        ject.org/team/>

 COPYRIGHT
        Copyright ©  Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+:
        GNU GPL version  or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
        This is free software: you are free to change  and  redistribute
        it.  There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

 SEE ALSO
        The  full documentation for date is maintained as a Texinfo man-
        ual.  If the info and date programs are  properly  installed  at
        your site, the command

               info coreutils 'date invocation'

        should give you access to the complete manual.

 GNU coreutils 8.4                October                           DATE()
 (END) 

man date

2：运用-d参数

[root@Gin scripts]# date
Sun Jan 29 10:46:03 CST 2017
[root@Gin scripts]# date -d now
Sun Jan 29 10:46:07 CST 2017
[root@Gin scripts]# date -d 'next monday'
Mon Jan 30 00:00:00 CST 2017
[root@Gin scripts]# date -d yesterday +%Y%m%d
20170128

3：显示文件中的时间

[root@Gin scripts]# cat >date.txt
2013-11-17 10:54:00
2013-11-22 11:11:11

[root@Gin scripts]# more date.txt
2013-11-17 10:54:00
2013-11-22 11:11:11

[root@Gin scripts]# date -f date.txt
Sun Nov 17 10:54:00 CST 2013
Fri Nov 22 11:11:11 CST 2013

4：显示文件最后修改的时间

[root@Gin scripts]# date -r date.txt
Sun Jan 29 10:49:11 CST 2017

5：按各种格式显示当前日期时间

这个命令的格式参数实在是太多了，在此没有必要每一个参数都尝试一遍，大家可以对照Format参数表，自己敲一敲命令实践一下。

[root@Gin scripts]# date +%Y
2017
[root@Gin scripts]# date +%m
01
[root@Gin scripts]# date +%D
01/29/17
[root@Gin scripts]# date '+%Y-%m-%d'
2017-01-29
[root@Gin scripts]# date +%Y-%m-%d
2017-01-29
[root@Gin scripts]# date +%m/%d/%y
01/29/17

6: 设置系统时间

[root@Gin scripts]# date -s "2016-11-11 00:00:00"
Fri Nov 11 00:00:00 CST 2016
[root@Gin scripts]# date
Fri Nov 11 00:00:05 CST 2016

7：请给出如下格式的date命令，如：11-02-26。再给出实现按周输出，如：周六为6，请分别给出命令

[root@Gin scripts]# date +%y-%m-%d
17-01-29
[root@Gin scripts]# date +%F
2017-01-29
[root@Gin scripts]# date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
2017-01-29 10:57:02

生产场景中常用时间格式来打包数据：

[root@Andy andy]# tar zcvf etc-$(date +%F).tar.gz /etc
[root@Andy andy]# tar zcvf etc-`date +%F`.tar.gz /etc

解析命令方法：反引号，或$()，如上

[root@Andy andy]# date +%w  ##显示周，0-6
3
显示过去与未来时间：
[root@Andy andy]# date +%F
2016-11-16
[root@Andy andy]# date +%F -d "-1day"
2016-11-15
[root@Andy andy]# date +%F -d "+2day"
2016-11-18
[root@Andy andy]# date +%F -d "+24hour"
2016-11-17
[root@Andy andy]# date +%F-%H -d "+2hour"
2016-11-16-14