Linux 下编译安装软件，找不到共享库 xx.so 的解决办法

编译memcached时，报错没有libevent，于是下载libevent，configure , make && make install ，然后在重新安装memcache成功之后。memcached默认安装在/usr/local/bin/目录下。

执行命令 ./memcache -help 报错：

[root@localhost bin]# ./memcached
./memcached: error while loading shared libraries: libevent-2.0.so.: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

但是上面明明已经安装了 libevent 的，应该是memcached没有寻找到。

查找 libevent 安装的路径：

[root@localhost bin]# whereis libevent
libevent: /usr/local/lib/libevent.la /usr/local/lib/libevent.a /usr/local/lib/libevent.so

我们看到被安装到了：/usr/local/lib/libevent.so

我们查看 memcached 的依赖：

[root@localhost bin]# ldd /usr/local/bin/memcached
        linux-gate.so. =>  (0x00c8d000)
        libevent-2.0.so. => not found
        librt.so. => /lib/librt.so. (0x00720000)
        libpthread.so. => /lib/libpthread.so. (0x006fc000)
        libc.so. => /lib/libc.so. (0x00564000)
        /lib/ld-linux.so. (0x0053e000)

发现依赖的 libevent-2.0.so.5 => not found 没有找到。

查看 libevent 如何寻找依赖：

[root@localhost bin]# LD_DEBUG=libs ./memcached -v
     :     find library=libevent-2.0.so. []; searching
     :      search cache=/etc/ld.so.cache
     :      search path=/lib/tls/i686/sse2:/lib/tls/i686:/lib/tls/sse2:/lib/tls:/lib/i686/sse2:/lib/i686:/lib/sse2:/lib:/usr/lib/tls/i686/sse2:/usr/lib/tls/i686:/usr/lib/tls/sse2:/usr/lib/tls:/usr/lib/i686/sse2:/usr/lib/i686:/usr/lib/sse2:/usr/lib               (system search path)
     :       trying file=/lib/tls/i686/sse2/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/lib/tls/i686/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/lib/tls/sse2/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/lib/tls/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/lib/i686/sse2/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/lib/i686/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/lib/sse2/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/lib/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/usr/lib/tls/i686/sse2/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/usr/lib/tls/i686/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/usr/lib/tls/sse2/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/usr/lib/tls/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/usr/lib/i686/sse2/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/usr/lib/i686/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/usr/lib/sse2/libevent-2.0.so.
     :       trying file=/usr/lib/libevent-2.0.so.

我们看到：

search path=/lib/tls/i686/sse2:/lib/tls/i686:/lib/tls/sse2:/lib/tls:/lib/i686/sse2:
/lib/i686:/lib/sse2:/lib:/usr/lib/tls/i686/sse2:/usr/lib/tls/i686:
/usr/lib/tls/sse2:/usr/lib/tls:/usr/lib/i686/sse2:/usr/lib/i686:/usr/lib/sse2:/usr/lib               (system search path)

系统寻找 lib 的路径，中没有包含：/usr/local/lib/

所以找到了原因，解决方法就很简单了。也有多种方法。

1) 做一个软连接到上面的随便一个 search path 中的目录都是可以的：

[root@localhost bin]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libevent.so /usr/lib/libevent-2.0.so.

验证是否已经解决：

[root@localhost bin]# memcached -help
memcached 1.4.
-p <num>      TCP port number to listen on (default: )
-U <num>      UDP port number to listen on (default: ,  is off)
-s <file>     UNIX socket path to listen on (disables network support)
-A            enable ascii "shutdown" command
-a <mask>     access mask for UNIX socket, in octal (default: )
-l <addr>     interface to listen on (default: INADDR_ANY, all addresses)
              <addr> may be specified as host:port. If you don't specify
              a port number, the value you specified with -p or -U is
              used. You may specify multiple addresses separated by comma
              or by using -l multiple times
-d            run as a daemon
-r            maximize core file limit
-u <username> assume identity of <username> (only when run as root)
-m <num>      max memory to use for items in megabytes (default:  MB)
-M            return error on memory exhausted (rather than removing items)
-c <num>      max simultaneous connections (default: )
-k            lock down all paged memory.  Note that there is a
              limit on how much memory you may lock.  Trying to
              allocate more than that would fail, so be sure you
              set the limit correctly for the user you started
              the daemon with (not for -u <username> user;
              under sh this is done with 'ulimit -S -l NUM_KB').
-v            verbose (print errors/warnings while in event loop)
-vv           very verbose (also print client commands/reponses)
-vvv          extremely verbose (also print internal state transitions)
-h            print this help and exit
-i            print memcached and libevent license
-V            print version and exit
-P <file>     save PID in <file>, only used with -d option
-f <factor>   chunk size growth factor (default: 1.25)
-n <bytes>    minimum space allocated for key+value+flags (default: )
-L            Try to use large memory pages (if available). Increasing
              the memory page size could reduce the number of TLB misses
              and improve the performance. In order to get large pages
              from the OS, memcached will allocate the total item-cache
              in one large chunk.
-D <char>     Use <char> as the delimiter between key prefixes and IDs.
              This is used for per-prefix stats reporting. The default is
              ":" (colon). If this option is specified, stats collection
              is turned on automatically; if not, then it may be turned on
              by sending the "stats detail on" command to the server.
-t <num>      number of threads to use (default: )
-R            Maximum number of requests per event, limits the number of
              requests process for a given connection to prevent
              starvation (default: )
-C            Disable use of CAS
-b            Set the backlog queue limit (default: )
-B            Binding protocol - one of ascii, binary, or auto (default)
-I            Override the size of each slab page. Adjusts max item size
              (default: 1mb, min: 1k, max: 128m)
-F            Disable flush_all command
-o            Comma separated list of extended or experimental options
              - (EXPERIMENTAL) maxconns_fast: immediately close new
                connections if over maxconns limit
              - hashpower: An integer multiplier for how large the hash
                table should be. Can be grown at runtime if not big enough.
                Set this based on "STAT hash_power_level" before a
                restart.
              - tail_repair_time: Time in seconds that indicates how long to wait before
                forcefully taking over the LRU tail item whose refcount has leaked.
                Disabled by default; dangerous option.
              - hash_algorithm: The hash table algorithm
                default is jenkins hash. options: jenkins, murmur3
              - lru_crawler: Enable LRU Crawler background thread
              - lru_crawler_sleep: Microseconds to sleep between items
                default is .
              - lru_crawler_tocrawl: Max items to crawl per slab per run
                default is  (unlimited)
              - lru_maintainer: Enable new LRU system + background thread
              - hot_lru_pct: Pct of slab memory to reserve for hot lru.
                (requires lru_maintainer)
              - warm_lru_pct: Pct of slab memory to reserve for warm lru.
                (requires lru_maintainer)
              - expirezero_does_not_evict: Items set to not expire, will not evict.
                (requires lru_maintainer)

我们看到没有报错了。

2) 在编译libevent的时候，指定相关目录：

[root@localhost libevent]# ./configure --help
`configure' configures this package to adapt to many kinds of systems.

Usage: ./configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...

To assign environment variables (e.g., CC, CFLAGS...), specify them as
VAR=VALUE.  See below for descriptions of some of the useful variables.

Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.

Configuration:
  -h, --help              display this help and exit
      --help=short        display options specific to this package
      --help=recursive    display the short help of all the included packages
  -V, --version           display version information and exit
  -q, --quiet, --silent   do not print `checking ...' messages
      --cache-file=FILE   cache test results in FILE [disabled]
  -C, --config-cache      alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'
  -n, --no-create         do not create output files
      --srcdir=DIR        find the sources in DIR [configure dir or `..']

Installation directories:
  --prefix=PREFIX         install architecture-independent files in PREFIX
                          [/usr/local]
  --exec-prefix=EPREFIX   install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX
                          [PREFIX]

By default, `make install' will install all the files in
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/lib' etc.  You can specify
an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' using `--prefix',
for instance `--prefix=$HOME'.

For better control, use the options below.

Fine tuning of the installation directories:
  --bindir=DIR            user executables [EPREFIX/bin]
  --sbindir=DIR           system admin executables [EPREFIX/sbin]
  --libexecdir=DIR        program executables [EPREFIX/libexec]
  --sysconfdir=DIR        read-only single-machine data [PREFIX/etc]
  --sharedstatedir=DIR    modifiable architecture-independent data [PREFIX/com]
  --localstatedir=DIR     modifiable single-machine data [PREFIX/var]
  --libdir=DIR            object code libraries [EPREFIX/lib]
  --includedir=DIR        C header files [PREFIX/include]
  --oldincludedir=DIR     C header files for non-gcc [/usr/include]
  --datarootdir=DIR       read-only arch.-independent data root [PREFIX/share]
  --datadir=DIR           read-only architecture-independent data [DATAROOTDIR]
  --infodir=DIR           info documentation [DATAROOTDIR/info]
  --localedir=DIR         locale-dependent data [DATAROOTDIR/locale]
  --mandir=DIR            man documentation [DATAROOTDIR/man]
  --docdir=DIR            documentation root [DATAROOTDIR/doc/PACKAGE]
  --htmldir=DIR           html documentation [DOCDIR]
  --dvidir=DIR            dvi documentation [DOCDIR]
  --pdfdir=DIR            pdf documentation [DOCDIR]
  --psdir=DIR             ps documentation [DOCDIR]

Program names:
  --program-prefix=PREFIX            prepend PREFIX to installed program names
  --program-suffix=SUFFIX            append SUFFIX to installed program names
  --program-transform-name=PROGRAM   run sed PROGRAM on installed program names

System types:
  --build=BUILD     configure for building on BUILD [guessed]
  --host=HOST       cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST [BUILD]

Optional Features:
  --disable-option-checking  ignore unrecognized --enable/--with options
  --disable-FEATURE       do not include FEATURE (same as --enable-FEATURE=no)
  --enable-FEATURE[=ARG]  include FEATURE [ARG=yes]
  --enable-dependency-tracking
                          do not reject slow dependency extractors
  --disable-dependency-tracking
                          speeds up one-time build
  --enable-gcc-warnings   enable verbose warnings with GCC
  --disable-thread-support
                          disable support for threading
  --disable-malloc-replacement
                          disable support for replacing the memory mgt
                          functions
  --disable-openssl       disable support for openssl encryption
  --disable-debug-mode    disable support for running in debug mode
  --disable-libevent-install, disable installation of libevent

  --disable-libevent-regress, skip regress in make check

  --enable-function-sections, make static library allow smaller binaries with --gc-sections

  --enable-shared[=PKGS]  build shared libraries [default=yes]
  --enable-static[=PKGS]  build static libraries [default=yes]
  --enable-fast-install[=PKGS]
                          optimize for fast installation [default=yes]
  --disable-libtool-lock  avoid locking (might break parallel builds)

Optional Packages:
  --with-PACKAGE[=ARG]    use PACKAGE [ARG=yes]
  --without-PACKAGE       do not use PACKAGE (same as --with-PACKAGE=no)
  --with-pic[=PKGS]       try to use only PIC/non-PIC objects [default=use
                          both]
  --with-gnu-ld           assume the C compiler uses GNU ld [default=no]
  --with-sysroot=DIR Search for dependent libraries within DIR
                        (or the compiler's sysroot if not specified).

Some influential environment variables:
  CC          C compiler command
  CFLAGS      C compiler flags
  LDFLAGS     linker flags, e.g. -L<lib dir> if you have libraries in a
              nonstandard directory <lib dir>
  LIBS        libraries to pass to the linker, e.g. -l<library>
  CPPFLAGS    (Objective) C/C++ preprocessor flags, e.g. -I<include dir> if
              you have headers in a nonstandard directory <include dir>
  CPP         C preprocessor

Use these variables to override the choices made by `configure' or to help
it to find libraries and programs with nonstandard names/locations.

Report bugs to the package provider.

Installation directories:
  --prefix=PREFIX         install architecture-independent files in PREFIX
                          [/usr/local]
  --exec-prefix=EPREFIX   install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX
                          [PREFIX]

By default, `make install' will install all the files in
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/lib' etc.  You can specify
an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' using `--prefix',
for instance `--prefix=$HOME'.

For better control, use the options below.

Fine tuning of the installation directories:
  --bindir=DIR            user executables [EPREFIX/bin]
  --sbindir=DIR           system admin executables [EPREFIX/sbin]
  --libexecdir=DIR        program executables [EPREFIX/libexec]
  --sysconfdir=DIR        read-only single-machine data [PREFIX/etc]
  --sharedstatedir=DIR    modifiable architecture-independent data [PREFIX/com]
  --localstatedir=DIR     modifiable single-machine data [PREFIX/var]
  --libdir=DIR            object code libraries [EPREFIX/lib]
  --includedir=DIR        C header files [PREFIX/include]

所以我们可以如此的在configure时指定路径：

[root@localhost libevent]# ./configure --libdir=/usr/lib

3) 修改环境变量 LD_LIBRARY_PATH，将/usr/local/lib 包含进去。但是该方法一般不推荐这样做（但是有一种变通的做法，具体参见总结中的 3>）。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

总结：

1. 和共享库相关的一些错误如何处理：

1> LD_DEBUG 命令：

LD_DEBUG 是 glibc 中的 loader 为了方便自身调试而设置的一个环境变量。通过设置这个环境变量，可以方便的看到 loader 的加载过程。

[root@localhost libevent]# LD_DEBUG=help ls
Valid options for the LD_DEBUG environment variable are:

  libs        display library search paths
  reloc       display relocation processing
  files       display progress for input file
  symbols     display symbol table processing
  bindings    display information about symbol binding
  versions    display version dependencies
  all         all previous options combined
  statistics  display relocation statistics
  unused      determined unused DSOs
  help        display this help message and exit

To direct the debugging output into a file instead of standard output
a filename can be specified using the LD_DEBUG_OUTPUT environment variable.

上面列出了 LD_DEBUG 所有的选项，上面我们就使用了 LD_DEBUG=libs 。使用该命令可以获取很多有用的信息。

2> ldd - print shared library dependencies 打印输出依赖库

3> LD_LIBRARY_PATH, /etc/ld.so.conf.d，ldconfig

因为连接器会到目录 /etc/ld.so.conf.d 下面去寻找 配置了 共享库 的目录，所以根据这个原理，我们可以为 /usr/local/lib 专门建立一个配置文件，

加入到连接器寻找 共享库 的目录列表中：

[root@localhost ld.so.conf.d]# pwd
/etc/ld.so.conf.d
[root@localhost ld.so.conf.d]# ls
kernel-2.6.-.el6.i686.conf  mysql-i386.conf  qt-i386.conf  xulrunner-.conf
[root@localhost ld.so.conf.d]# echo "/usr/local/lib" > usr_local_lib.conf
[root@localhost ld.so.conf.d]# ll
total
-r--r--r--.  root root  Oct    kernel-2.6.-.el6.i686.conf
-rw-r--r--.  root root   Feb    mysql-i386.conf
-rw-r--r--.  root root   Sep    qt-i386.conf
-rw-r--r--.  root root   Sep  : usr_local_lib.conf
-rw-r--r--.  root root   Oct    xulrunner-.conf
[root@localhost ld.so.conf.d]# cat usr_local_lib.conf
/usr/local/lib
[root@localhost ld.so.conf.d]# ldconfig

这样以后 /usr/local/lib 中的共享库就会被连接器寻找到，注意修改连接器相关的配置之后，一定要用 ldconfig 命令更新一下，不然还是找不到。

4> ln -s /usr/local/lib/libevent.so /usr/lib/libevent-2.0.so. 建立一个软连接

推荐方法：4 和 3。

2. 如何寻找文件，库等：

whereis - locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command

updatedb - update a database for locate

locate - find files by name

find 命令 find - search for files in a directory hierarchy

示例： whereis libevent, updatedb, locate libevent,

find / -name libevent.*

[root@localhost bin]# find /usr/local -name libevent.*
/usr/local/redis-3.0./deps/hiredis/adapters/libevent.h
/usr/local/src/libevent/libevent.pc.in
/usr/local/src/libevent/libevent.pc
/usr/local/lib/libevent.la
/usr/local/lib/libevent.a
/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig/libevent.pc
/usr/local/lib/libevent.so

[root@localhost bin]# find / -name libevent.so
/usr/local/lib/libevent.so
[root@localhost bin]# find / -name libevent.so*
/usr/local/lib/libevent.so

find 命令 第一个参数是查找的路径 /usr/local 第二个参数是要查找的文件名的表达式，可以使用正则表达式来表示查找的文件名。

find 还有一个常见的用法：对找到的文件执行某个命令：

find . -name \*.lo -o -name \*.o | xargs rm -f    (xargs - build and execute command lines from standard input)

3. configure 之前一定要 configure --help 查看配置选项。