1.2 Defining Computer Architecture

Genuine Computer Architecture: Designing the Organization and Hardware to Meet Goals and Functional Requirements.

真正的计算机体系结构：设计组织和硬件以满足目标和功能要求

The implementation of a computer has two components: organization and hardware.term organization includes the high-level aspects of a computer's design, such as the memory system, the memory interconnect, and the design of the internal processor or CPU (central unit—where arithmetic, logic, branching, and data transfer are implemented). The term microarchitecture is also used instead of organization. For example, two with the same instruction set architectures but different organizations are the AMD Opteron and the Intel Core i7. Both proæssors implement the x86 instruction set, but they have very different pipeline and cache organizations.

计算机的实现有两个组成部分：组织和硬件。

术语“组织”包括计算机设计的高级方面，例如内存系统，内存互连以及内部处理器或CPU（中央单元 - 其中实现了算术，逻辑，分支和数据传输）的设计。

术语“微体系结构”也用于代替组织。

相同的指令集架构可有不同的组织，例如AMD皓龙和英特尔酷睿i7。两个处理器都实现了 x86 指令集，但它们具有非常不同的流水线和缓存组织。

The switch to multiple processors per microprocessor led to the term core to also be used for processor. Instead of saying multiprocessor microprocessor, the term multicore has caught on. Given that virtually all chips have multiple processors, the term central processing unit, or CPU, is fading in popularity. Hardware refers to the specifics of a computer, including the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the computer. Often a line of computers contains computers with identical instruction set architectures and nearly identical organizations, but they differ in the detailed hardware implementation. For example, the Intel Core i7 and the Intel Xeon 7560 are nearly identical but Offer different clock rates and different memory systems, making the Xeon 7560 more effective for server computers.

每个微处理器切换到多个处理器导致术语“内核“也用于处理器。与其说多处理器微处理器，不如说多核这个术语已经流行起来。鉴于几乎所有芯片都有多个处理器，术语”中央处理单元“或”CPU“正在逐渐普及。硬件是指计算机的细节，包括计算机的详细逻辑设计和封装技术。

通常，一系列计算机包含具有相同指令集体系结构和几乎相同组织的计算机，但它们在详细的硬件实现方面有所不同。

例如，英特尔酷睿 i7 和英特尔至强 7560 几乎完全相同，但提供不同的时钟速率和不同的内存系统，使至强 7560 对服务器计算机更有效。