Apache rewrite 详解

用rewrite可实现的部分：URL根目录搬迁，多目录查找资源，阻止盗连你的图片，拒绝某些主机访问，基于时间重写，据浏览器类型重写，动态镜像远程资源，外部重写程序模板，等等

详见下表：

目标	重写设置	说明
规范化URL	RewriteRule ^/~([^/]+)/?(.*) /u/$1/$2 [R]	将/~user重写为/u/user的形式
	RewriteRule ^/([uge])/([^/]+)$ /$1/$2/ [R]	将/u/user末尾漏掉的/补上
规范化HostName	RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^fully\.qualified\.domain\.name [NC]	域名不合格
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$	不空
	RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^80$	不是80端口
	RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://fully.qualified.domain.name:%{SERVER_PORT}/$1 [L,R]	重写
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^fully\.qualified\.domain\.name [NC]
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
	RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://fully.qualified.domain.name/$1 [L,R]
URL根目录转移	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteRule ^/$ /e/www/ [R]	从/移到/e/www/
末尾目录补斜线	RewriteEngine on
（目录范围内）	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^foo$ foo/ [R]	/~quux/foo是一个目录，补/
	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d	如果请文件名是个目录
	RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ $1/ [R]	URL末尾不是斜线时补上
Web集群	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteMap user-to-host txt:/path/to/map.user-to-host	用户－服务器映射
	RewriteMap group-to-host txt:/path/to/map.group-to-host	组－服务器映射
	RewriteMap entity-to-host txt:/path/to/map.entity-to-host	实体－服务器映射
	RewriteRule ^/u/([^/]+)/?(.*) http://${user-to-host:$1|server0}/u/$1/$2	用户均衡
	RewriteRule ^/g/([^/]+)/?(.*) http://${group-to-host:$1|server0}/g/$1/$2	组均衡
	RewriteRule ^/e/([^/]+)/?(.*) http://${entity-to-host:$1|server0}/e/$1/$2	实体均衡
	RewriteRule ^/([uge])/([^/]+)/?$ /$1/$2/.www/
	RewriteRule ^/([uge])/([^/]+)/([^.]+.+) /$1/$2/.www/$3\
URL根目录搬迁	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteRule ^/~(.+) http://newserver/~$1 [R,L]	到其它服务器
所用户名首字母分	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteRule ^/~(([a-z])[a-z0-9]+)(.*) /home/$2/$1/.www$3	内一层括号为$2
NCSA imagemap移	RewriteEngine on
植为mod_imap	RewriteRule ^/cgi-bin/imagemap(.*) $1 [PT]
多目录查找资源	RewriteEngine on
	# first try to find it in custom/…
	RewriteCond /your/docroot/dir1/%{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f
	RewriteRule ^(.+) /your/docroot/dir1/$1 [L]
	# second try to find it in pub/…
	RewriteCond /your/docroot/dir2/%{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f
	RewriteRule ^(.+) /your/docroot/dir2/$1 [L]
	# else go on for other Alias or Alias directives,
	RewriteRule ^(.+) – [PT]
据URL设置环境变量	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteRule ^(.*)/S=([^/]+)/(.*) $1/$3 [E=STATUS:$2]
虚拟主机	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.[^.]+\.host\.com$	基于用户名
	RewriteRule ^(.+) %{HTTP_HOST}$1 [C]
	RewriteRule ^www\.([^.]+)\.host\.com(.*) /home/$1$2
内外人有别	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} !^.+\.ourdomain\.com$	基于远程主机
	RewriteRule ^(/~.+) http://www.somewhere.com/$1 [R,L]
错误重定向	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond /your/docroot/%{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f	不是regular文件
	RewriteRule ^(.+) http://webserverB.dom/$1
程序处理特殊协议	RewriteRule ^xredirect:(.+) /path/to/nph-xredirect.cgi/$1 \	Xredirect协议
	[T=application/x-httpd-cgi,L]
最近镜像下载	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteMap multiplex txt:/path/to/map.cxan	顶级域名与最近ftp服务器映射
	RewriteRule ^/CxAN/(.*) %{REMOTE_HOST}::$1 [C]
	RewriteRule ^.+\.([a-zA-Z]+)::(.*)$ ${multiplex:$1|ftp.default.dom}$2 [R,L]	据顶级域名不同提供不同的FTP服务器
基于时间重写	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond %{TIME_HOUR}%{TIME_MIN} >0700
	RewriteCond %{TIME_HOUR}%{TIME_MIN} <1900
	RewriteRule ^foo\.html$ foo.day.html	白天为早晚7点间
	RewriteRule ^foo\.html$ foo.night.html	其余为夜间
向前兼容扩展名	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	# parse out basename, but remember the fact
	RewriteRule ^(.*)\.html$ $1 [C,E=WasHTML:yes]
	# rewrite to phtml if exists
	RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}.phtml -f	如果存在$1.phtml则重写
	RewriteRule ^(.*)$ $1.phtml [S=1]
	# else reverse the previous basename cutout
	RewriteCond %{ENV:WasHTML} ^yes$	如果不存在$1.phtml，则保持不变
	RewriteRule ^(.*)$ $1.html
文件改名（目录级）	RewriteEngine on	内部重写
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^foo\.html$ bar.html
	RewriteEngine on	重定向由客户端再次提交
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^foo\.html$ bar.html [R]
据浏览器类型重写	RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Mozilla/3.*
	RewriteRule ^foo\.html$ foo.NS.html [L]
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Lynx/.* [OR]
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Mozilla/[12].*
	RewriteRule ^foo\.html$ foo.20.html [L]
	RewriteRule ^foo\.html$ foo.32.html [L]
动态镜像远程资源	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^hotsheet/(.*)$ http://www.tstimpreso.com/hotsheet/$1 [P]	利用了代理模块
	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^usa-news\.html$ http://www.quux-corp.com/news/index.html [P]
反向动态镜像	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteCond /mirror/of/remotesite/$1 -U
	RewriteRule ^http://www\.remotesite\.com/(.*)$ /mirror/of/remotesite/$1
负载均衡	RewriteEngine on	利用代理实现round-robin效果
	RewriteMap lb prg:/path/to/lb.pl
	RewriteRule ^/(.+)$ ${lb:$1} [P,L]
	#!/path/to/perl
	$| = 1;
	$name = “www”; # the hostname base
	$first = 1; # the first server (not 0 here, because 0 is myself)
	$last = 5; # the last server in the round-robin
	$domain = “foo.dom”; # the domainname
	$cnt = 0;
	while (<STDIN>) {
	$cnt = (($cnt+1) % ($last+1-$first));
	$server = sprintf(“%s%d.%s”, $name, $cnt+$first, $domain);
	print “http://$server/$_”;
	}
	##EOF##
静态页面变脚本	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteBase /~quux/
	RewriteRule ^foo\.html$ foo.cgi [T=application/x-httpd-cgi]
阻击机器人	RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^NameOfBadRobot.*
	RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} ^123\.45\.67\.[8-9]$
	RewriteRule ^/~quux/foo/arc/.+ – [F]
阻止盗连你的图片	RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://www.quux-corp.de/~quux/.*$ [NC]	自己的连接可不能被阻止
	RewriteRule .*\.gif$ – [F]
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
	RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !.*/foo-with-gif\.html$
	RewriteRule ^inlined-in-foo\.gif$ – [F]
拒绝某些主机访问	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteMap hosts-deny txt:/path/to/hosts.deny
	RewriteCond ${hosts-deny:%{REMOTE_HOST}|NOT-FOUND} !=NOT-FOUND [OR]
	RewriteCond ${hosts-deny:%{REMOTE_ADDR}|NOT-FOUND} !=NOT-FOUND
	RewriteRule ^/.* – [F]
用户授权	RewriteCond %{REMOTE_IDENT}@%{REMOTE_HOST} !^friend1@client1.quux-corp\.com$
	RewriteCond %{REMOTE_IDENT}@%{REMOTE_HOST} !^friend2@client2.quux-corp\.com$
	RewriteCond %{REMOTE_IDENT}@%{REMOTE_HOST} !^friend3@client3.quux-corp\.com$
	RewriteRule ^/~quux/only-for-friends/ – [F]
外部重写程序模板	RewriteEngine on
	RewriteMap quux-map prg:/path/to/map.quux.pl
	RewriteRule ^/~quux/(.*)$ /~quux/${quux-map:$1}
	#!/path/to/perl
	$| = 1;
	while (<>) {
	s|^foo/|bar/|;
	print $_;
	}
搜索引擎友好	RewriteRule ^/products$ /content.php
	RewriteRule ^/products/([0-9]+)$ /content.php?id=$1
	RewriteRule ^/products/([0-9]+),([ad]*),([0-9]{0,3}),([0-9]*),([0-9]*$) /marso/content.php?id=$1&sort=$2&order=$3&start=$4

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