Oracle 无备份情况下的恢复--密码文件/参数文件

13.1 恢复密码文件

密码文件（linux 为例）在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs目录下，文件名的前缀是orapw,后接数据库实例名。

[oracle@DSI backup]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1536 Jul 25 10:15 orapworcl

该文件只为两个权限服务：SYSDBA和SYSOPER

密码文件的丢失或损坏导致需要访问该文件的相关操作都失败，比如，使用有SYSDBA和SYSOPER权限的远程登录都会失败，影响oracle的管理控制台 database console、grid control

$ sqlplus / as sysdba

$ sqlplus sys/xxx@orcl as sysdba

ERROR

ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

SQL> grant sysdba to hr

ERROR

ORA-01994: GRANT failed: password file missing or disabled

若初始化参数remote_login_passwordfile的值为NONE,数据库的行为特征与密码文件损坏一模一样。

密码文件的恢复很简单，使用orapwd命令重建一个密码文件

$ orapwd file=$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapworcl password=oracle force=y

--force参数覆盖已有的密码文件

参数ignorecase将SYS的密码设置为11g以前的不区分大小写

普通用户的密码大小写是否区分由参数sec_case_sensitive_logon.

13.2 恢复参数文件

没有参数文件db无法启动到nomount阶段，当参数文件损坏时没有备份，dba可以通过参数文件pfile的形式重建。

首先查看告警日志，所有非默认的参数均记在其内，这是恢复参数文件最准确的方法

[oracle@DSI dbs]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace/

[oracle@DSI trace]$ tail -n 200 alert_orcl.log

Using parameter settings in server-side spfile /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfileorcl.ora

System parameters with non-default values:

  processes                = 150

  memory_target            = 752M

  control_files            = "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl"

  control_files            = "/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl"

  db_block_size            = 8192

  compatible               = "11.2.0.4.0"

  db_recovery_file_dest    = "/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area"

  db_recovery_file_dest_size= 4977M

  undo_tablespace          = "UNDOTBS1"

  remote_login_passwordfile= "EXCLUSIVE"

  db_domain                = ""

  dispatchers              = "(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)"

  audit_file_dest          = "/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump"

  audit_trail              = "DB"

  db_name                  = "orcl"

  open_cursors             = 300

  diagnostic_dest          = "/u01/app/oracle"

若连告警日志都没有了，dba应当理解那些参数是必须设置的

11g在自动内存管理机制与新的诊断日志路径管理的帮助下，必须指定的参数

：DB_NAME\CONTROL_FILES

如果没有db_name参数，实例无法启动

DB_NAME\DB_BLOCK_SIZE\COMPATIBLE 可以在文件头部取得

不设置或错误会报错

ORA-01103

ORA-00058

参数compatible的特点是只能增大不能减小，默认是11.2.0

参数instance_name和service_name可以从环境变量oracle_sid、密码文件名及tnsname.ora文件中找回。

参数process\open_cursors\sessions可以考虑设置的大一些，

其他参数尽量不设置，一般使用默认值就能打开数据库。

不能打开数据库要具体分析。

若在数据库运行时发现参数文件出了问题，可以使用11g的新命令“create pfile/spfile from memory” 从内存中创建一个pfile参数文件

SQL> create pfile='/tmp/initorcl.ora.memory' from memory;

File created.

[oracle@DSI trace]$ cat /tmp/initorcl.ora.memory

# Oracle init.ora parameter file generated by instance orcl on 07/29/2019 15:20:17

除非必要，应将以下画线起始的隐含参数删掉

[oracle@DSI trace]$ grep -v '^(_|#).*' /tmp/initorcl.ora.memory >/tmp/initorcl.ora.nohidden

[oracle@DSI trace]$ cat /tmp/initorcl.ora.nohidden

注意，如果采用window自动打开资源管理计划的话，发现参数resource_manager_plan应该删掉

等下次关闭db后，再将spfile创建回来

SQL> create spfile from pfile=’/tmp/initorcl.ora.nohidden’;

[oracle@DSI trace]$ grep -v '^(_|#).*' /tmp/initorcl.ora.memory

# Oracle init.ora parameter file generated by instance orcl on 07/29/2019 15:20:17

__db_cache_size=320M

__java_pool_size=4M

__large_pool_size=8M

__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle' # ORACLE_BASE set from environment

__pga_aggregate_target=288M

__sga_target=464M

__shared_io_pool_size=0

__shared_pool_size=120M

__streams_pool_size=0

_aggregation_optimization_settings=0

_always_anti_join='CHOOSE'

_always_semi_join='CHOOSE'

_and_pruning_enabled=TRUE

_b_tree_bitmap_plans=TRUE

_bloom_filter_enabled=TRUE

_bloom_folding_enabled=TRUE

_bloom_pruning_enabled=TRUE

_complex_view_merging=TRUE

_compression_compatibility='11.2.0.4.0'

_connect_by_use_union_all='TRUE'

_convert_set_to_join=FALSE

_cost_equality_semi_join=TRUE

_cpu_to_io=0

_dimension_skip_null=TRUE

_eliminate_common_subexpr=TRUE

_enable_type_dep_selectivity=TRUE

_fast_full_scan_enabled=TRUE

_first_k_rows_dynamic_proration=TRUE

_gby_hash_aggregation_enabled=TRUE

_generalized_pruning_enabled=TRUE

_globalindex_pnum_filter_enabled=TRUE

_gs_anti_semi_join_allowed=TRUE

_improved_outerjoin_card=TRUE

_improved_row_length_enabled=TRUE

_index_join_enabled=TRUE

_ksb_restart_policy_times=''

_ksb_restart_policy_times=''

_ksb_restart_policy_times=''

_ksb_restart_policy_times='' # internal update to set default

_left_nested_loops_random=TRUE

_local_communication_costing_enabled=TRUE

_minimal_stats_aggregation=TRUE

_mmv_query_rewrite_enabled=TRUE

_new_initial_join_orders=TRUE

_new_sort_cost_estimate=TRUE

_nlj_batching_enabled=1

_optim_adjust_for_part_skews=TRUE

_optim_enhance_nnull_detection=TRUE

_optim_new_default_join_sel=TRUE

_optim_peek_user_binds=TRUE

_optimizer_adaptive_cursor_sharing=TRUE

_optimizer_better_inlist_costing='ALL'

_optimizer_cbqt_no_size_restriction=TRUE

_optimizer_coalesce_subqueries=TRUE

_optimizer_complex_pred_selectivity=TRUE

_optimizer_compute_index_stats=TRUE

_optimizer_connect_by_combine_sw=TRUE

_optimizer_connect_by_cost_based=TRUE

_optimizer_connect_by_elim_dups=TRUE

_optimizer_correct_sq_selectivity=TRUE

_optimizer_cost_based_transformation='LINEAR'

_optimizer_cost_hjsmj_multimatch=TRUE

_optimizer_cost_model='CHOOSE'

_optimizer_dim_subq_join_sel=TRUE

_optimizer_distinct_agg_transform=TRUE

_optimizer_distinct_elimination=TRUE

_optimizer_distinct_placement=TRUE

_optimizer_eliminate_filtering_join=TRUE

_optimizer_enable_density_improvements=TRUE

_optimizer_enable_extended_stats=TRUE

_optimizer_enable_table_lookup_by_nl=TRUE

_optimizer_enhanced_filter_push=TRUE

_optimizer_extend_jppd_view_types=TRUE

_optimizer_extended_cursor_sharing='UDO'

_optimizer_extended_cursor_sharing_rel='SIMPLE'

_optimizer_extended_stats_usage_control=192

_optimizer_false_filter_pred_pullup=TRUE

_optimizer_fast_access_pred_analysis=TRUE

_optimizer_fast_pred_transitivity=TRUE

_optimizer_filter_pred_pullup=TRUE

_optimizer_fkr_index_cost_bias=10

_optimizer_full_outer_join_to_outer=TRUE

_optimizer_group_by_placement=TRUE

_optimizer_improve_selectivity=TRUE

_optimizer_interleave_jppd=TRUE

_optimizer_join_elimination_enabled=TRUE

_optimizer_join_factorization=TRUE

_optimizer_join_order_control=3

_optimizer_join_sel_sanity_check=TRUE

_optimizer_max_permutations=2000

_optimizer_mode_force=TRUE

_optimizer_multi_level_push_pred=TRUE

_optimizer_native_full_outer_join='FORCE'

_optimizer_new_join_card_computation=TRUE

_optimizer_null_aware_antijoin=TRUE

_optimizer_or_expansion='DEPTH'

_optimizer_order_by_elimination_enabled=TRUE

_optimizer_outer_join_to_inner=TRUE

_optimizer_outer_to_anti_enabled=TRUE

_optimizer_push_down_distinct=0

_optimizer_push_pred_cost_based=TRUE

_optimizer_rownum_bind_default=10

_optimizer_rownum_pred_based_fkr=TRUE

_optimizer_skip_scan_enabled=TRUE

_optimizer_sortmerge_join_inequality=TRUE

_optimizer_squ_bottomup=TRUE

_optimizer_star_tran_in_with_clause=TRUE

_optimizer_system_stats_usage=TRUE

_optimizer_table_expansion=TRUE

_optimizer_transitivity_retain=TRUE

_optimizer_try_st_before_jppd=TRUE

_optimizer_undo_cost_change='11.2.0.4'

_optimizer_unnest_corr_set_subq=TRUE

_optimizer_unnest_disjunctive_subq=TRUE

_optimizer_use_cbqt_star_transformation=TRUE

_optimizer_use_feedback=TRUE

_or_expand_nvl_predicate=TRUE

_ordered_nested_loop=TRUE

_parallel_broadcast_enabled=TRUE

_partition_view_enabled=TRUE

_pivot_implementation_method='CHOOSE'

_pre_rewrite_push_pred=TRUE

_pred_move_around=TRUE

_push_join_predicate=TRUE

_push_join_union_view=TRUE

_push_join_union_view2=TRUE

_px_minus_intersect=TRUE

_px_partition_scan_enabled=TRUE

_px_pwg_enabled=TRUE

_px_ual_serial_input=TRUE

_query_rewrite_setopgrw_enable=TRUE

_remove_aggr_subquery=TRUE

_replace_virtual_columns=TRUE

_right_outer_hash_enable=TRUE

_selfjoin_mv_duplicates=TRUE

_sql_model_unfold_forloops='RUN_TIME'

_sqltune_category_parsed='DEFAULT' # parsed sqltune_category

_subquery_pruning_enabled=TRUE

_subquery_pruning_mv_enabled=FALSE

_table_scan_cost_plus_one=TRUE

_union_rewrite_for_gs='YES_GSET_MVS'

_unnest_subquery=TRUE

_use_column_stats_for_function=TRUE

audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'

audit_trail='DB'

background_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace' #Deprecate parameter

compatible='11.2.0.4.0'

control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl'

control_files='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl'

core_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/cdump'

db_block_size=8192

db_domain=''

db_name='orcl'

db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'

db_recovery_file_dest_size=4977M

diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'

dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'

log_buffer=6479872 # log buffer update

memory_target=752M

open_cursors=300

optimizer_dynamic_sampling=2

optimizer_mode='ALL_ROWS'

plsql_warnings='DISABLE:ALL' # PL/SQL warnings at init.ora

processes=150

query_rewrite_enabled='TRUE'

remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'

result_cache_max_size=1952K

skip_unusable_indexes=TRUE

undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'

user_dump_dest='/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace' #Deprecate parameter