java信号量

维基百科解释的信号量概念如下

信号量（英语：semaphore）又称为信号标，是一个同步对象，用于保持在0至指定最大值之间的一个计数值。当线程完成一次对该semaphore对象的等待（wait）时，该计数值减一；当线程完成一次对semaphore对象的释放（release）时，计数值加一。当计数值为0，则线程等待该semaphore对象不再能成功直至该semaphore对象变成signaled状态。semaphore对象的计数值大于0，为signaled状态；计数值等于0，为nonsignaled状态.

semaphore对象适用于控制一个仅支持有限个用户的共享资源，是一种不需要使用忙碌等待（busy waiting）的方法。

信号量的概念是由荷兰计算机科学家艾兹赫尔·戴克斯特拉（Edsger W. Dijkstra）发明的，广泛的应用于不同的操作系统中。在系统中，给予每一个行程一个信号量，代表每个行程目前的状态，未得到控制权的行程会在特定地方被强迫停下来，等待可以继续进行的讯号到来。如果信号量是一个任意的整数，通常被称为计数讯号量（Counting semaphore），或一般讯号量（general semaphore）；如果信号量只有二进位的0或1，称为二进位讯号量（binary semaphore）。在linux系统中，二进位讯号量（binary semaphore）又称互斥锁（Mutex）。

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博客正文：Java中的信号量是类Semaphore源码如下

package java.util.concurrent;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer;

public class Semaphore implements java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3222578661600680210L;
    /** All mechanics via AbstractQueuedSynchronizer subclass */
    private final Sync sync;

    abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1192457210091910933L;

        Sync(int permits) {
            setState(permits);
        }

        final int getPermits() {
            return getState();
        }

        final int nonfairTryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
            for (;;) {
                int available = getState();
                int remaining = available - acquires;
                if (remaining < 0 ||
                    compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
                    return remaining;
            }
        }

        protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int releases) {
            for (;;) {
                int current = getState();
                int next = current + releases;
                if (next < current) // overflow
                    throw new Error("Maximum permit count exceeded");
                if (compareAndSetState(current, next))
                    return true;
            }
        }

        final void reducePermits(int reductions) {
            for (;;) {
                int current = getState();
                int next = current - reductions;
                if (next > current) // underflow
                    throw new Error("Permit count underflow");
                if (compareAndSetState(current, next))
                    return;
            }
        }

        final int drainPermits() {
            for (;;) {
                int current = getState();
                if (current == 0 || compareAndSetState(current, 0))
                    return current;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * NonFair version
     */
    static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -2694183684443567898L;

        NonfairSync(int permits) {
            super(permits);
        }

        protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
            return nonfairTryAcquireShared(acquires);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Fair version
     */
    static final class FairSync extends Sync {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2014338818796000944L;

        FairSync(int permits) {
            super(permits);
        }

        protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
            for (;;) {
                if (hasQueuedPredecessors())
                    return -1;
                int available = getState();
                int remaining = available - acquires;
                if (remaining < 0 ||
                    compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
                    return remaining;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@code Semaphore} with the given number of
     * permits and nonfair fairness setting.
     *
     * @param permits the initial number of permits available.
     *        This value may be negative, in which case releases
     *        must occur before any acquires will be granted.
     */
    public Semaphore(int permits) {
        sync = new NonfairSync(permits);
    }

    public Semaphore(int permits, boolean fair) {
        sync = fair ? new FairSync(permits) : new NonfairSync(permits);
    }

    public void acquire() throws InterruptedException {
        sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(1);
    }

    public void acquireUninterruptibly() {
        sync.acquireShared(1);
    }

    public boolean tryAcquire() {
        return sync.nonfairTryAcquireShared(1) >= 0;
    }

    public boolean tryAcquire(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException {
        return sync.tryAcquireSharedNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
    }

    public void release() {
        sync.releaseShared(1);
    }

    public void acquire(int permits) throws InterruptedException {
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(permits);
    }

    public void acquireUninterruptibly(int permits) {
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        sync.acquireShared(permits);
    }

    public boolean tryAcquire(int permits) {
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        return sync.nonfairTryAcquireShared(permits) >= 0;
    }

    public boolean tryAcquire(int permits, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException {
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        return sync.tryAcquireSharedNanos(permits, unit.toNanos(timeout));
    }

    public void release(int permits) {
        if (permits < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        sync.releaseShared(permits);
    }

    public int availablePermits() {
        return sync.getPermits();
    }

    public int drainPermits() {
        return sync.drainPermits();
    }

    protected void reducePermits(int reduction) {
        if (reduction < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        sync.reducePermits(reduction);
    }

    public boolean isFair() {
        return sync instanceof FairSync;
    }

    public final boolean hasQueuedThreads() {
        return sync.hasQueuedThreads();
    }

    public final int getQueueLength() {
        return sync.getQueueLength();
    }

    protected Collection<Thread> getQueuedThreads() {
        return sync.getQueuedThreads();
    }

    public String toString() {
        return super.toString() + "[Permits = " + sync.getPermits() + "]";
    }
}

它有两个构造，单一参数的是构造一出一个不公平锁的信号量类，两个参数的第一个参数是指定信号数，第二个是是否使用公平锁。关于详细的介绍查看Java并发之Semaphore

它的简单使用如下

定义一个信号量对象semaphore，在线程执行之前通过semaphore.acquire()进行信号量的获取，如果得到permit信号当前线程就会执行，否则当前线程不会被执行，线程执行之后一定要release()释放信号。

当初始化的信号量是0时，可以通过当前信号量的对象调用release(int a)放入两个信号量。