『题解』Codeforces446C DZY Loves Fibonacci Numbers

Portal

Portal2: Luogu

Description

In mathematical terms, the sequence $F_n$ of Fibonacci numbers is defined by the recurrence relation

\[F_1 = 1; F_2 = 1; F_n = F_n - 1 + F_n - 2 (n > 2)
\]

DZY loves Fibonacci numbers very much. Today DZY gives you an array consisting of $n$ integers: $a1, a2, \cdots , an$. Moreover, there are $m$ queries, each query has one of the two types:

Format of the query "1 l r". In reply to the query, you need to add $F_i - l + 1$ to each element ai, where $l \le i \le r$.
Format of the query "2 l r". In reply to the query you should output the value of modulo $1000000009 (10^9 + 9)$.

Help DZY reply to all the queries.

Input

The first line of the input contains two integers $n$ and $m (1 \le n, m \le 300000)$. The second line contains $n$ integers $a_1, a_2, \cdots , a_n (1 \le ai \le 10^9)$ — initial array $a$ .

Then, $m$ lines follow. A single line describes a single query in the format given in the statement. It is guaranteed that for each query inequality $1 \le l \le r \le n$ holds.

Output

For each query of the second type, print the value of the sum on a single line.

Sample Input

Sample Output

17

12

Sample Explain

After the first query, $a = [2, 3, 5, 7]$.

For the second query, $sum = 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 17$.

After the third query, $a = [2, 4, 6, 9]$.

For the fourth query, $sum = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12$.

Description in Chinese

题目让我们求给你一个序列，支持区间加Fibonacci数列前r - l + 1项和查询区间和。

Solution

一些约定：把斐波那契数列的前两个数$F_1 = 1, F_2 = 1$换成另两个数，仍满足$F_n = F_{n - 1} + F_{n - 2}(n > 2)$的数列称为广义斐波那契数列。

Fibonacci数列有一些性质：

性质$1$. $F_n = (\sum^{n - 2}_{i = 1}{F_i}) + F_2(n > 2)$；

证明如下：

首先将前几项Fibonacci数列展开。

F(1) = 1

F(2) = 1

F(3) = F(1) + F(2)

F(4) = F(2) + F(3) = F(2) + F(1) + F(2)

F(5) = F(3) + F(4) = F(3) + F(2) + F(1) + F(2)

F(6) = F(4) + F(5) = F(4) + F(3) + F(2) + F(1) + F(2)

......

在$F_n = F_{n - 1} + F_{n - 2}$中，我们可以把$F_{n - 1}$按式子展开，可得$F_n = \sum^{n - 3}_{i = 1} + F_2 + F_{n - 2}$，即$F_n = (\sum^{n - 2}_{i = 1}{F_i}) + F_2(n > 2)$，跟原式一模一样，故原式正确性得证。

性质$2$. 一个广义斐波那契数列数列$f_i$，当$f_1 = x, f_2 = y$时，则有$f_n = x \times f_{n - 1} + y \times f_{n - 2}$

证明如下：

这个性质与性质1类似，证明方法也与性质1类似，列举几个：

f(1) = x

f(2) = y

f(3) = f(1) + f(2) = x × F(1)

f(4) = f(2) + f(3) = x × F(1) + y × F(2)

f(5) = f(3) + f(4) = x × F(2) + y × F(3)

f(6) = f(4) + f(5) = x × F(3) + y × F(4)

......

把上述规律推广到代数式：

\[f_n = f_{n - 1} + f_{n - 2} \\\\ \quad = x \times f_{n - 2} + y \times f_{n - 3} + x \times f_{n - 3} + y \times f_{n - 4} \\\\ \quad = x \times (f_{n - 2} + f_{n - 3}) + y \times (f_{n - 3} + f_{n - 4}) \\\\ \quad = x \times f_{n - 1} + y \times f_{n - 2}
\]

证毕。

性质$3$: 任意两段不同的广义斐波那契数列段相加（逐项相加），所得的数列任然是广义斐波那契数列。

这个性质易证。

这题我们维护一棵线段树，线段树需要维护$L$至$R$区间的广义斐波那契数列的第一项，第二项与区间的和。

下传标记时，我们可以在左区间加广义斐波那契数列的前两项，在右区间可以求出总和再加上总和就行了，时间复杂$\text{O(n log n)}$。

Code

#include<iostream>

#include<algorithm>

#include<cstdio>

#include<cstring>

#include<cmath>

using namespace std;

typedef long long LL;

const int MAXN = 300005, MAXM = 1200005, mod = 1e9 + 9;

struct node {

    int c1, c2, sum;

} tree[MAXM];

int n, m, opt, x, y, a[MAXN], f[MAXN];

inline int add(int x, int y) {//两项相加并取模

    int ret = x + y;

    if (ret < 0) return ret += mod; else return ret % mod;

}

inline int calc1(int x, int y, int len) {//计算斐波那契

    if (len == 1) return x; else

    if (len == 2) return y; else return ((LL)x * f[len - 2] + (LL)y * f[len - 1]) % mod;

}

inline int calc2(int x, int y, int len) {//计算总和

    if (len == 1) return x; else

    if (len == 2) return add(x, y); else return add(calc1(x, y, len + 2), -y);

}

inline void pushup(int rt) {

    tree[rt].sum = add(tree[rt << 1].sum, tree[rt << 1 | 1].sum);

}

inline void pushdown(int rt, int l, int r) {//下传标记

    if (tree[rt].c1) {

        int mid = l + r >> 1;

        tree[rt << 1].c1 = add(tree[rt << 1].c1, tree[rt].c1);

        tree[rt << 1].c2 = add(tree[rt << 1].c2, tree[rt].c2);

        tree[rt << 1].sum = add(tree[rt << 1].sum, calc2(tree[rt].c1, tree[rt].c2, mid - l + 1));

        int x = calc1(tree[rt].c1, tree[rt].c2, mid - l + 2), y = calc1(tree[rt].c1, tree[rt].c2, mid - l + 3);

        tree[rt << 1 | 1].c1 = add(tree[rt << 1 | 1].c1, x);

        tree[rt << 1 | 1].c2 = add(tree[rt << 1 | 1].c2, y);

        tree[rt << 1 | 1].sum = add(tree[rt << 1 | 1].sum, calc2(x, y, r - mid));

        tree[rt].c1 = 0; tree[rt].c2 = 0;

    }

}

inline void update(int rt, int l, int r, int ansl, int ansr) {//线段树区间更新

    if (ansl <= l && r <= ansr) {

        tree[rt].c1 = add(tree[rt].c1, f[l - ansl + 1]);

        tree[rt].c2 = add(tree[rt].c2, f[l - ansl + 2]);

        tree[rt].sum = add(tree[rt].sum, calc2(f[l - ansl + 1], f[l - ansl + 2], r - l + 1));

        return ;

    }

    pushdown(rt, l, r);

    int mid = l + r >> 1;

    if (ansl <= mid) update(rt << 1, l, mid, ansl, ansr);

    if (ansr > mid) update(rt << 1 | 1, mid + 1, r, ansl, ansr);

    pushup(rt);

}

inline int query(int rt, int l, int r, int ansl, int ansr) {//线段树区间查询

    int ret = 0;

    if (ansl <= l && r <= ansr) {

        ret = tree[rt].sum;

        return ret;

    }

    pushdown(rt, l, r);

    int mid = l + r >> 1;

    if (ansl <= mid) ret = add(ret, query(rt << 1, l, mid, ansl, ansr));

    if (ansr > mid) ret = add(ret, query(rt << 1 | 1, mid + 1, r, ansl, ansr));

    return ret;

}

int main() {

    scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);

    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

        scanf("%d", &x);

        a[i] = add(a[i - 1], x);

    }

    f[1] = 1; f[2] = 1;

    for (int i = 3; i <= n + 2; i++)

        f[i] = add(f[i - 1], f[i - 2]);

    for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {

        scanf("%d%d%d", &opt, &x, &y);

        if (opt == 1) update(1, 1, n, x, y); else printf("%d\n", add(query(1, 1, n, x, y), a[y] - a[x - 1]));

    }

    return 0;

}